Nitrogen oxides - formation and relevance

Chemistry of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere play an important role. In this section we will see how and why they are so important.

Nitrogen oxides come from:

The main types of nitrogen in the atmosphere, they called NOx nitrous oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and all the feedback. Nitrogen in the atmosphere of nitrogen (N2), especially in the distribution of oxide emitted. N2 in the two nitrogen atoms with a lot depends on this fact in mind, (and nitrogen nitrogen triple combination), to break it is, N2 on the atoms is not so easy. Extremely high temperature for some bacteria may have developed the system and the two molecules. Car, a temperature high enough for use on motors, and nitrogen oxide are the gases. Vehicles, production of harmful substances, based on this catalyst. Nitrogen oxides in May, if the biomass burned during the flash.

Nitrogen oxides involving:

NOx (= No + NO2) and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere of almost all reactions are present. Nitric oxide responsible nitrate radical (NO3 another form) in the dark, and night life of the control was set up in the atmosphere's chemistry. Nitrogen oxide nitric acid with water (HNO3) on the response form. Nitric acid not only in the air such as nitrogen oxides to acid rain is an important contribution, but it is too dry or too acidic the most important, directly or deportation under the rain. Nitric acid in the polar regions of cloud chemistry in Stratosphere exists. This happens when the ozone hole is an important part in the training of nitric acid trihydrate.

Nitrogen oxides and ozone layer in the very training loss, troposphere are important. He and improvement in the reaction catalyst is used. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) nitric oxide (NO) as the sun is broken down. It is, in the form of NO2, then more is not the answer. Ozone and oxygen from the instability of peroxide radicals in May as of this time is about. Of these reactions in detail later in the test.

Nitrogen oxides from combustion of the cars we a lot of ways. Assembly of motor vehicles for the main objective, the catalyst complex in the air of these substances to reduce emissions.

Other important nitrogen gases in the atmosphere include:

And nitrous oxide (N2O), which during the microbial degradation. This is an important greenhouse gas, but the troposphere is not the answer. Stratosphere that the ozone destroyed.

Ammonia (NH3) gases in the atmosphere is the main base. Mainly agricultural and animal waste and fertilizers are used for storage. Aerosol particles from the reaction of the acid such as nitric acid in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen oxides - at the center of atmospheric chemistry:

Nitrogen oxide chemistry of the atmosphere are the real center. Most chemical compounds that are oxidized and the wind, or other types of chemicals to change that directly or indirectly, are not, and for NO2.

Impacts of Acid Rain on Buildings

Since the beginning of industrial revolution, pollution and damage to buildings in urban areas is very real. The cause is often due to the impact of air pollution. Pollution, acid rain is sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, both published in the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Since industrial revolution, the two types of emissions. English, sulfur dioxide (SO2) peak in 1960, but has increased more than 80%. In 1999, emissions of sulfur dioxide in the amount of approximately 1.2 million tons. With emissions of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides, collectively known as Nox decreased since 1990, emissions in 1999 is around 1.6 million tons.

Although the fact that emissions reduction is not clear that air quality, which resulted in a decrease of decomposition. In fact, buildings that are thousands of years aging in the last 25 years and has quickly worsened. This can still show the changes on the surface of the stone Sulphation, a process that visible surface layer of the rain dissolves limestone sulphated wins.

Only in the last ten years, or the efforts that have been conducted to determine the amount of material damage due to acid. With concerns about the impact of acid rain on building materials has been raised in the Chamber of Local Authorities, Report of the Committee in September 1984. As part of the response from the government, the impact of Group (Berg) has been considered as a recommendation to the effect on the acid. It was not until relatively recently that the spatial concentration of pollution, acid rain and mechanisms for transport, to understand, so that more accurate estimate of the damage that occurred, Mai Mai in the design are made.

Materials Affected:

List of raw materials, a very long acids, as most materials are certain degrees of damage. The most vulnerable are: limestone, marble, steel, zinc, nickel, paint and plastic. Stone deterioration May many forms, including details of the stones and the introduction of black crusts from stone in the protected area. Metal corrosion is determined by oxygen and moisture, that the SO 2 accelerates. Most of the buildings that came from some acidic to which, therefore, that certain materials that are free from the effects. In addition to the atmospheric structure of the attack, cream butter in water, such as foundations and pipes are corroded.

The Chemistry of Corrosion:

Dry and wet deposition on the corrosion of materials. Secs deposits consist of gas and particles that fall to the ground near the source of emissions causing the damage. That sulfur dioxide is often deposited in secs 30 kilometers from the source. The wet deposition of pollution, if everywhere in the atmosphere reacts with moisture in clouds to the diluted acid. Effect also occurs, and the deposit of wet area may contain several dozen kilometers from the source.

Calcium carbonate in certain stones dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid to form calcium sulphate:

CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ + H₂O ® CaSO₄.2H₂O + CO₂

This has two consequences. First, make sure that the surface of the stone to break the two black gypsum (calcium sulfate) to the formation of vesicles, which consists of more than a stone. When the stone's crystal can be in the stone, and in May to 50 years. This is called the memory effect.

Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant with corrosion, but also with the delivery, including Nox, carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (on organic materials) and sea salt spray. Research has shown that nitrogen dioxide (NO2), represented by SO2, the increase in the level of corrosion can occur. This is because the oxide NO2-SO2 Sulfite (SO3), which is more than SO2 absorption. Acid rain in the panel report in 1990 noted that in remote areas where the majority of deposits in the wet east England, while the deposits are in the majority secs. This conclusion is supported by studies in the southeast of England, which showed that 40% of the damage caused by debris secs.

Interaction between materials and substances that are complex and many variables involved. Deposit of pollution to the surface depends on the concentration of air pollution and weather and micro-climate on the surface. Once on the surface of the substance, the interaction may vary depending on exposure, the response capacity of different materials and the amount of moisture. Important factor that is very important as SO2, which is proposed oxidized in dry sulfuric acid in the presence of moisture on the surface.

Examples of damage:

The influence of acid on the modern buildings that are far less damaging impact on ancient monuments. Lime and limestone in most buildings open to the monument, "the most corrosion resistant and is a renewal.

Evidence of harmful effects on the acid all over the world. For example, as the world-famous Taj Mahal, Cologne Cathedral, Notre Dame, the Colosseum and Westminster Abbey are also affected.

Electricity and Acid Rain

Consumer electricity choice address acid rain:

Competition for the first time of electricity, production of electricity to consumers direct effect on the ecological footprint can be. The establishment of power in several states, which are much cleaner in addition to status quo conditions, the source of. Renewable energy, fuels, emissions of pollutants that, in order to reduce acid rain in order to ensure these resources for the consumer business in a portfolio of options. Consumers of coal in the country's oldest electric power demand which is not a strong message to suppliers, the federal standards for air quality. This dirty power plants recently in response to major competitors to increase production of energy. Between 1995 and 1996, 10 percent more than the 50,000 tonnes of NOx emissions from coal production increased in proportion to the utility model protection is the only Midwest. Fossil fuel plants in Massachusetts, from the total amount of NOx emissions, and New Hampshire combined profit on the increase in NOx emissions.

Consequences of acid rain:

Acid rain is linked to a range of negative impacts on the natural world as well as human environments.

Aquatic impacts:

Scientists believe that acid rain is responsible for the dramatic disappearance of brook trout and other fish species from pristine lakes and streams. Directly into the atmosphere and water basin to drain valuable acid. Lakes to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acid rain acidic lakes and 50 percent water, 75 per cent of acidity in the acidity of the surface of the water had decided to examine the collection of analysis. Some lakes are very sensitive to acid rain, as the clay, acid or with a limited capacity "buffer" to neutralize. Disease, a victim of acid lakes, the U.S. and Canada, Adirondack, Central Appalachians, the upper part of the Midwest and West, including the high altitudes are found in various areas of.

Aquatic species, the acidity tolerance are different. Acid long ago, some species in particular are more sensitive than the others bother to play. Normal changes in the back of the fish stock, in acid rain, acid tolerant fish and other aquatic animals and plants are sensitive to acidification.

Forest impacts:

Acid rain on forest health of ecosystems can be a powerful influence. National Assessment Program in 1998 to evaluate the probability of speed, according to the Congress two years, and mortality in the north and the decline of red spruce growth rate of the Appalachians, red spruce populations of the high altitude forests in the current decline only when the loss, It is not solid scientific evidence that acid is the main reason. The forests of calcium, a plant nutrient for the development of long-term harm to the United States Geological Survey and other stress, acid rain, but "some recent studies.

Materials:

Acid rain solid materials, art objects in historical and cultural value of an effect on the number - buildings and monuments - such as trucks, cars and general goods. Acid rain, particularly the "dry" form, corrodes metals, and stone and colors of the decline accelerates.

Visibility:

Sulfate particles in the atmosphere as for the visibility of the emissions of sulfur dioxide. The visibility and especially around the park, acid rain to encourage the production of electricity for the United States in the eastern part is lower? Air pollutants of acid rain Wholesale Electric. Fossil fuel the nation on the SO2 and acid rain is a part of the 30 per cent, NOx emissions by 70 per cent in defiance burned every year.

Pollution in the area of course not all the powers contributes to acid rain is. The emission factors on the use of fossil fuels such as depend upon the nature of the right, before the type of combustion process, air pollution and measures to control the combustion after that time. Old coal, power stations out of the modern standards for air quality, high sulfur content of coal combustion for clean air benefits of the Act (in particular) and the most important past pollution, acid rain is. These plants in the Upper Ohio Valley and the Midwest are concentrated. Taking into account the wind, the parents, usually of uncontrolled pollution sources say that the experience of acid rain increases.

On the other side of the spectrum there's the best available technology with a new natural gas is produced. The ratio of SO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, the more gasoline is mixed with NOx emissions, other major precursor of acid rain. Although the use of modern technology that is likely to NOx emissions currently in operation, the use of old technology and many more pollutants are gases.

Acid Rain Forming method

Acid rain and the sky clouds are mixed with acidic gases, due to the clouds of a very high level of acidity in comparison with the normal acid and gas, when the clouds, the rain falls "occupied", is caused by. Natural rainfall, acidic acid gases, but it's still sour. Human acid gases such as oil and knees caused by burning fossil fuels, but also the nature of the volcano's gases.

In contrast, the acid in the basic things, such as toothpaste and powder are the two databases. Strong alkalis, such as ammonia and bleach can be dangerous.

PH scale, the strength of acids and bases to describe is used. A low pH number, the material we have, in large numbers, we know that the alkaline substance is acidic can can find.
5.5 A little rain usually associated with acidic pH below 5.5 when the pH of rain water is most likely associated with the sharp acid gases.

The gases, the acid rain, nitrogen and sulfur. When oxygen and water vapor in the air in contact with these gases, which were created sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, it could be. Break in the volcano's sulfur-sulfur in the air from nuclear power plants, including most. Most of nitrogen oxide emissions from cars, people around the world airplane, cars and trucks for daily tours.

Acid rain is a problem in the world, where a strong wind in the gases in the sky, the release of acids, then. Acid rain in the Scandinavian countries, Britain and other European countries caused by air pollution. In the U.S., Canada, in some areas of air from the air.

When the rain, which is acidic trees, ponds, buildings and agricultural land. And sometimes not too many problems, but if acid is very harmful to the environment of the rain is not sour.

Leaves and soil mineral acid rain in the sewers of the fatty acids, and this is very plants, trees and soil for evil. What, that acid acid, neutral, so that the plants are not affected much rain, but it is slightly acidic, can be destructive is alkaline.
Life in rivers and once sufficient rainfall, but water in a relatively short time on the basis of the die can.
When we the people and even problems in the air can cause cancer, let's breathe a breath. Data on drinking water at the time of acid rain can cause brain damage was contaminated.

The acid rain, the stone and metal, so that the erosion by building on time can be achieved mainly limestone and sandstone, providing examples of soft rock.

Acid Rain and Our Health

Relationship between acid rain and human health:

Nitrogen dioxide in the air of a very good sulfates and water vapor react with other chemicals. Suspension particles in urban smog and now the most important factor for health is considered a significant risk.

Health effects of particulate matter (PM):

Fine particles, or talk particulate (PM), lung inflammation and tissue damage may be the cause of deep. These particles, and especially the elderly with heart and respiratory diseases are dangerous for people. Recent studies of sulfate particles in the air and the high heart and respiratory diseases in the clinic for a strong link between increased intake found, the increase in days of asthma symptoms, and a high mortality of these diseases.

Science of the atmosphere:

Department of Atmospheric Science Program of the impact of the acid for monitoring emissions to make the attack on the plane out of the regional representatives of the Board of places around the Atlantic and the value of continuing the identification of areas sensitive to acidification changes in the acidic environment ( "critical load").

The fight against acid rain is not yet complete. The former in large parts of Canada in a serious burden on New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, including the most sour. In these areas after acidification, biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems and forests of the health risk and productivity loss that is living in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Canada and the United States further reduction.

Acid Rain and the facts

Due to acid rain:

Acid to deposit a common approach, participation is more than simply acid rain. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen in the conversion of secondary pollutants is primarily the result of dry or moist sour, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and nitric acid (HNO3) like. Conversion of SO2 and particulates and NOx emissions of acid vapors or several hundred thousand kilometers on these pollutants in the air as far happens. Acid vapors and particles, the two processes - wet and dry can be explained from. Wet acid rain deposits, is a process in which rain, snow, hail or snow in the atmosphere generally below 5.6 with an acid pH. When such deposits secs, sulfate, nitrate, fly ash and gas (such as SO2 and NOx) in the form of particles or are absorbed in the surface. Gas, the water can be changed in contact with acid.

Acid:

Acids with the basis for the ability to make chemical salt is a bitter taste, with the compounds are. Acid blue litmus paper (pH paper also) called in red. Acid can burn skin.

pH:

PH scale of liquids such as water in the amount of acid is used to measure. Hydrogen ions to the acid, the acidity of the solution since the beginning is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions and to "is referred to as pH". The scale of the acidity of rain samples to describe is used.

PH is the number of small-scale, acidity of the material. Acid pH scale of 0 to 5 in case of rain and, therefore, acid rain "as." The pH scale on a small number of changes, changes in acidity.

For example, a change in just one unit from pH 6.0 to pH 5.0 would indicate a tenfold increase in acidity. Clean rain usually has a pH of 5.6. It is slightly acidic because of carbon dioxide which is naturally present in the atmosphere. Vinegar, by comparison, is very acidic and has a pH of 3.

Acid rain problem:

Because this region lack natural alkalinity of the soil and water in a lot - as the basis of lime - and so naturally can not neutralize acid from acid rain in Eastern Canada is a problem, it is. Because your system for water and soil of the harmful effects of acid rain can not protect against the Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as part of the Canadian Shield precambrian provinces, are affected. In fact, the hard rock capacity to neutralize acid rain do not need (i.e granite) sensitive, more than half Canada's. Alkaline soil and water if some parts of the South - as the Ontario and Western Canada - May neutralize or "buffer" in nature are against acid rain.

Canada in the West, this time enough information to determine when the acid rain on ecosystems. Industrialization of the historic low - compared to Canada's - and eastwardly time changes such as natural causes of soil resistance (i.e, even neutralize soil acidity), the best, in conjunction with Canada, the bad effects of acid rain in the west is very of.

However, in this western Canada is not in all areas are naturally protected. Lakes and the granite stone from the soil, for example, can quickly ineffective. Canadian Shield in this case, Northern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are in the north, British Columbia, Nunavut and the western part of north western region. Lakes in these areas to acid rain, are sensitive to the north of Ontario. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen in the west of Canada, Eastern Canada in May that exist for the same effect from growth is continuing.

The NOx emissions are the following:

The most important source of NOx emission motor vehicles, furnaces and residential, industry and public power, motors and other equipment in the boiler and the fuel is burning. In 2000, Canada's largest contribution to NOx emissions, the traffic, all of the emission is about 60%. In general, in 2000, 2.5 million tons of NOx emissions. For comparison: in the United States of America, P. 2000 NOx emissions for 21 million tonnes - more than 8 times in Canada with more than the amount of mail.

Canada in the U.S. The purpose of transboundary air pollution. Overall, the U.S. experience with the impact of ozone on a regional level of about 24%, Ontario are doing. Analysis of ozone concentration in four of Ontario's peak in the Southwest, with attention to the wind factor, it is estimated that the ozone in the U.S. from these places 50 to 60%.

Change the amount of NOx emissions:

Canada, NOx emissions since 1985, the total volume are relatively stable. Since 2000 the level of plants, big mergers and more than 100,000 tonnes of metal from the bottom of the NOx emission sources. Supplement in 2000 within the framework of ozone in the air quality in Canada and the U.S., Canada, Ontario in the south central and southern parts of the 39,000 tonnes of fossil fuels by power plants for an annual limit on emissions of NO2 and 5,000 tonnes of Quebec. Also NOx emissions from industrial boilers to reduce emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles and measures to reduce the new standard will be established. Canada's obligations to the territory's annual emissions of NOx in the meeting are (defined as central and southern Ontario and southern Quebec), with almost 39% from 1990 to 2010 defined.

The difference between a target load and a critical load

The pollution load in the amount of an important measure of an ecosystem, on which this material is harmful to the environment is to accept the threshold is. Various areas of significant weight. Ecosystems, pollution, bear a high acidity in the lower valuation of ecosystems are important to load.

Critical loads vary across Canada. They depend on the ability of each particular ecosystem to neutralize acids. Scientists have defined the critical load for aquatic ecosystems as the amount of wet sulphate deposition that protects 95% of lakes from acidifying to a pH level of less than 6. (A pH of 7 is neutral; less than 7 is acidic; and greater than 7 is basic.) At a pH below 6, fish and other aquatic species begin to decline.

The pollution of an objective and politically acceptable as possible if other factors are considered in the scientific uncertainty and social morality and economic effects (eg,) in equilibrium with the environment in the form of. Acid rain to the eastern part of Canada program, Canada, seven in the province of Manitoba to reduce emissions of SO2 is committed to in 1994, an increase of 2.3 million tonnes. The program more than 20 kilograms per hectare per year (kg / ha / year), that our scientists acidification of aquatic ecosystems in the weak security of the people to send in acceptable as a means of defining the target audience to reduce wet sulfate deposited target.

Canada for this post - Wide Acid Rain Strategy -2000 to 1998 under Canada, acid deposits in the country for meeting the most important load of important long-term goal of the government was signed. Recently, map, water and forest ecosystems for the important values of the mapping has been developed. These maps (acid equivalent per hectare per year, known as (eq / ha / year)), the region's delicate ecosystem, they can be damaged show the amount of acid.

Links to other problems of air pollution:

Fossil fuel combustion in urban smog, climate change and air leads to the release of mercury.

Smog:

SO2 in the air, water vapor and other chemicals react with the sulfates is very good. A major part of the particles of smog and are a threat to public health. Deep and right lung inflammation and tissue injury due to particle penetration. And old people with heart and respiratory diseases, people are especially vulnerable. Recent studies of high sulfate in the air between the particles and the growth of the hospital show a close relationship
And the entry of death.

Urban smog, smoke in the air, the visibility of the objectives has been deleted. The most affected areas in the lower Fraser Valley, Windsor, where the landscape and buildings are often in eastern British Columbia in Canada and Quebec are corridor.

Climate Change:

It is likely that climate change, drought and high temperatures in the. Mai's climate change, wetlands and acid sulphate soils is based on the sulfur compounds to become a threat. If the income of wet sulfate values around the lakes and their acidity are excluded.

Mercury:

In May, concentrations of mercury in acidic lakes of reproductive problems in birds.

Ultra violet (UV) radiation:

Plankton and other organisms that live near the surface of acid lakes in increased UV due to the thin ozone layer are susceptible to. And clean, as acidity and dissolved organic matter in water reduces the amount of the UV can be - more and more depth on the use.