Nitrogen oxides - formation and relevance

Chemistry of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere play an important role. In this section we will see how and why they are so important.

Nitrogen oxides come from:

The main types of nitrogen in the atmosphere, they called NOx nitrous oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and all the feedback. Nitrogen in the atmosphere of nitrogen (N2), especially in the distribution of oxide emitted. N2 in the two nitrogen atoms with a lot depends on this fact in mind, (and nitrogen nitrogen triple combination), to break it is, N2 on the atoms is not so easy. Extremely high temperature for some bacteria may have developed the system and the two molecules. Car, a temperature high enough for use on motors, and nitrogen oxide are the gases. Vehicles, production of harmful substances, based on this catalyst. Nitrogen oxides in May, if the biomass burned during the flash.

Nitrogen oxides involving:

NOx (= No + NO2) and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere of almost all reactions are present. Nitric oxide responsible nitrate radical (NO3 another form) in the dark, and night life of the control was set up in the atmosphere's chemistry. Nitrogen oxide nitric acid with water (HNO3) on the response form. Nitric acid not only in the air such as nitrogen oxides to acid rain is an important contribution, but it is too dry or too acidic the most important, directly or deportation under the rain. Nitric acid in the polar regions of cloud chemistry in Stratosphere exists. This happens when the ozone hole is an important part in the training of nitric acid trihydrate.

Nitrogen oxides and ozone layer in the very training loss, troposphere are important. He and improvement in the reaction catalyst is used. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) nitric oxide (NO) as the sun is broken down. It is, in the form of NO2, then more is not the answer. Ozone and oxygen from the instability of peroxide radicals in May as of this time is about. Of these reactions in detail later in the test.

Nitrogen oxides from combustion of the cars we a lot of ways. Assembly of motor vehicles for the main objective, the catalyst complex in the air of these substances to reduce emissions.

Other important nitrogen gases in the atmosphere include:

And nitrous oxide (N2O), which during the microbial degradation. This is an important greenhouse gas, but the troposphere is not the answer. Stratosphere that the ozone destroyed.

Ammonia (NH3) gases in the atmosphere is the main base. Mainly agricultural and animal waste and fertilizers are used for storage. Aerosol particles from the reaction of the acid such as nitric acid in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen oxides - at the center of atmospheric chemistry:

Nitrogen oxide chemistry of the atmosphere are the real center. Most chemical compounds that are oxidized and the wind, or other types of chemicals to change that directly or indirectly, are not, and for NO2.

Impacts of Acid Rain on Buildings

Since the beginning of industrial revolution, pollution and damage to buildings in urban areas is very real. The cause is often due to the impact of air pollution. Pollution, acid rain is sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, both published in the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Since industrial revolution, the two types of emissions. English, sulfur dioxide (SO2) peak in 1960, but has increased more than 80%. In 1999, emissions of sulfur dioxide in the amount of approximately 1.2 million tons. With emissions of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides, collectively known as Nox decreased since 1990, emissions in 1999 is around 1.6 million tons.

Although the fact that emissions reduction is not clear that air quality, which resulted in a decrease of decomposition. In fact, buildings that are thousands of years aging in the last 25 years and has quickly worsened. This can still show the changes on the surface of the stone Sulphation, a process that visible surface layer of the rain dissolves limestone sulphated wins.

Only in the last ten years, or the efforts that have been conducted to determine the amount of material damage due to acid. With concerns about the impact of acid rain on building materials has been raised in the Chamber of Local Authorities, Report of the Committee in September 1984. As part of the response from the government, the impact of Group (Berg) has been considered as a recommendation to the effect on the acid. It was not until relatively recently that the spatial concentration of pollution, acid rain and mechanisms for transport, to understand, so that more accurate estimate of the damage that occurred, Mai Mai in the design are made.

Materials Affected:

List of raw materials, a very long acids, as most materials are certain degrees of damage. The most vulnerable are: limestone, marble, steel, zinc, nickel, paint and plastic. Stone deterioration May many forms, including details of the stones and the introduction of black crusts from stone in the protected area. Metal corrosion is determined by oxygen and moisture, that the SO 2 accelerates. Most of the buildings that came from some acidic to which, therefore, that certain materials that are free from the effects. In addition to the atmospheric structure of the attack, cream butter in water, such as foundations and pipes are corroded.

The Chemistry of Corrosion:

Dry and wet deposition on the corrosion of materials. Secs deposits consist of gas and particles that fall to the ground near the source of emissions causing the damage. That sulfur dioxide is often deposited in secs 30 kilometers from the source. The wet deposition of pollution, if everywhere in the atmosphere reacts with moisture in clouds to the diluted acid. Effect also occurs, and the deposit of wet area may contain several dozen kilometers from the source.

Calcium carbonate in certain stones dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid to form calcium sulphate:

CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ + H₂O ® CaSO₄.2H₂O + CO₂

This has two consequences. First, make sure that the surface of the stone to break the two black gypsum (calcium sulfate) to the formation of vesicles, which consists of more than a stone. When the stone's crystal can be in the stone, and in May to 50 years. This is called the memory effect.

Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant with corrosion, but also with the delivery, including Nox, carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (on organic materials) and sea salt spray. Research has shown that nitrogen dioxide (NO2), represented by SO2, the increase in the level of corrosion can occur. This is because the oxide NO2-SO2 Sulfite (SO3), which is more than SO2 absorption. Acid rain in the panel report in 1990 noted that in remote areas where the majority of deposits in the wet east England, while the deposits are in the majority secs. This conclusion is supported by studies in the southeast of England, which showed that 40% of the damage caused by debris secs.

Interaction between materials and substances that are complex and many variables involved. Deposit of pollution to the surface depends on the concentration of air pollution and weather and micro-climate on the surface. Once on the surface of the substance, the interaction may vary depending on exposure, the response capacity of different materials and the amount of moisture. Important factor that is very important as SO2, which is proposed oxidized in dry sulfuric acid in the presence of moisture on the surface.

Examples of damage:

The influence of acid on the modern buildings that are far less damaging impact on ancient monuments. Lime and limestone in most buildings open to the monument, "the most corrosion resistant and is a renewal.

Evidence of harmful effects on the acid all over the world. For example, as the world-famous Taj Mahal, Cologne Cathedral, Notre Dame, the Colosseum and Westminster Abbey are also affected.

Electricity and Acid Rain

Consumer electricity choice address acid rain:

Competition for the first time of electricity, production of electricity to consumers direct effect on the ecological footprint can be. The establishment of power in several states, which are much cleaner in addition to status quo conditions, the source of. Renewable energy, fuels, emissions of pollutants that, in order to reduce acid rain in order to ensure these resources for the consumer business in a portfolio of options. Consumers of coal in the country's oldest electric power demand which is not a strong message to suppliers, the federal standards for air quality. This dirty power plants recently in response to major competitors to increase production of energy. Between 1995 and 1996, 10 percent more than the 50,000 tonnes of NOx emissions from coal production increased in proportion to the utility model protection is the only Midwest. Fossil fuel plants in Massachusetts, from the total amount of NOx emissions, and New Hampshire combined profit on the increase in NOx emissions.

Consequences of acid rain:

Acid rain is linked to a range of negative impacts on the natural world as well as human environments.

Aquatic impacts:

Scientists believe that acid rain is responsible for the dramatic disappearance of brook trout and other fish species from pristine lakes and streams. Directly into the atmosphere and water basin to drain valuable acid. Lakes to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acid rain acidic lakes and 50 percent water, 75 per cent of acidity in the acidity of the surface of the water had decided to examine the collection of analysis. Some lakes are very sensitive to acid rain, as the clay, acid or with a limited capacity "buffer" to neutralize. Disease, a victim of acid lakes, the U.S. and Canada, Adirondack, Central Appalachians, the upper part of the Midwest and West, including the high altitudes are found in various areas of.

Aquatic species, the acidity tolerance are different. Acid long ago, some species in particular are more sensitive than the others bother to play. Normal changes in the back of the fish stock, in acid rain, acid tolerant fish and other aquatic animals and plants are sensitive to acidification.

Forest impacts:

Acid rain on forest health of ecosystems can be a powerful influence. National Assessment Program in 1998 to evaluate the probability of speed, according to the Congress two years, and mortality in the north and the decline of red spruce growth rate of the Appalachians, red spruce populations of the high altitude forests in the current decline only when the loss, It is not solid scientific evidence that acid is the main reason. The forests of calcium, a plant nutrient for the development of long-term harm to the United States Geological Survey and other stress, acid rain, but "some recent studies.

Materials:

Acid rain solid materials, art objects in historical and cultural value of an effect on the number - buildings and monuments - such as trucks, cars and general goods. Acid rain, particularly the "dry" form, corrodes metals, and stone and colors of the decline accelerates.

Visibility:

Sulfate particles in the atmosphere as for the visibility of the emissions of sulfur dioxide. The visibility and especially around the park, acid rain to encourage the production of electricity for the United States in the eastern part is lower? Air pollutants of acid rain Wholesale Electric. Fossil fuel the nation on the SO2 and acid rain is a part of the 30 per cent, NOx emissions by 70 per cent in defiance burned every year.

Pollution in the area of course not all the powers contributes to acid rain is. The emission factors on the use of fossil fuels such as depend upon the nature of the right, before the type of combustion process, air pollution and measures to control the combustion after that time. Old coal, power stations out of the modern standards for air quality, high sulfur content of coal combustion for clean air benefits of the Act (in particular) and the most important past pollution, acid rain is. These plants in the Upper Ohio Valley and the Midwest are concentrated. Taking into account the wind, the parents, usually of uncontrolled pollution sources say that the experience of acid rain increases.

On the other side of the spectrum there's the best available technology with a new natural gas is produced. The ratio of SO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, the more gasoline is mixed with NOx emissions, other major precursor of acid rain. Although the use of modern technology that is likely to NOx emissions currently in operation, the use of old technology and many more pollutants are gases.

Acid Rain Forming method

Acid rain and the sky clouds are mixed with acidic gases, due to the clouds of a very high level of acidity in comparison with the normal acid and gas, when the clouds, the rain falls "occupied", is caused by. Natural rainfall, acidic acid gases, but it's still sour. Human acid gases such as oil and knees caused by burning fossil fuels, but also the nature of the volcano's gases.

In contrast, the acid in the basic things, such as toothpaste and powder are the two databases. Strong alkalis, such as ammonia and bleach can be dangerous.

PH scale, the strength of acids and bases to describe is used. A low pH number, the material we have, in large numbers, we know that the alkaline substance is acidic can can find.
5.5 A little rain usually associated with acidic pH below 5.5 when the pH of rain water is most likely associated with the sharp acid gases.

The gases, the acid rain, nitrogen and sulfur. When oxygen and water vapor in the air in contact with these gases, which were created sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, it could be. Break in the volcano's sulfur-sulfur in the air from nuclear power plants, including most. Most of nitrogen oxide emissions from cars, people around the world airplane, cars and trucks for daily tours.

Acid rain is a problem in the world, where a strong wind in the gases in the sky, the release of acids, then. Acid rain in the Scandinavian countries, Britain and other European countries caused by air pollution. In the U.S., Canada, in some areas of air from the air.

When the rain, which is acidic trees, ponds, buildings and agricultural land. And sometimes not too many problems, but if acid is very harmful to the environment of the rain is not sour.

Leaves and soil mineral acid rain in the sewers of the fatty acids, and this is very plants, trees and soil for evil. What, that acid acid, neutral, so that the plants are not affected much rain, but it is slightly acidic, can be destructive is alkaline.
Life in rivers and once sufficient rainfall, but water in a relatively short time on the basis of the die can.
When we the people and even problems in the air can cause cancer, let's breathe a breath. Data on drinking water at the time of acid rain can cause brain damage was contaminated.

The acid rain, the stone and metal, so that the erosion by building on time can be achieved mainly limestone and sandstone, providing examples of soft rock.

Acid Rain and Our Health

Relationship between acid rain and human health:

Nitrogen dioxide in the air of a very good sulfates and water vapor react with other chemicals. Suspension particles in urban smog and now the most important factor for health is considered a significant risk.

Health effects of particulate matter (PM):

Fine particles, or talk particulate (PM), lung inflammation and tissue damage may be the cause of deep. These particles, and especially the elderly with heart and respiratory diseases are dangerous for people. Recent studies of sulfate particles in the air and the high heart and respiratory diseases in the clinic for a strong link between increased intake found, the increase in days of asthma symptoms, and a high mortality of these diseases.

Science of the atmosphere:

Department of Atmospheric Science Program of the impact of the acid for monitoring emissions to make the attack on the plane out of the regional representatives of the Board of places around the Atlantic and the value of continuing the identification of areas sensitive to acidification changes in the acidic environment ( "critical load").

The fight against acid rain is not yet complete. The former in large parts of Canada in a serious burden on New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, including the most sour. In these areas after acidification, biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems and forests of the health risk and productivity loss that is living in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Canada and the United States further reduction.

Acid Rain and the facts

Due to acid rain:

Acid to deposit a common approach, participation is more than simply acid rain. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen in the conversion of secondary pollutants is primarily the result of dry or moist sour, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and nitric acid (HNO3) like. Conversion of SO2 and particulates and NOx emissions of acid vapors or several hundred thousand kilometers on these pollutants in the air as far happens. Acid vapors and particles, the two processes - wet and dry can be explained from. Wet acid rain deposits, is a process in which rain, snow, hail or snow in the atmosphere generally below 5.6 with an acid pH. When such deposits secs, sulfate, nitrate, fly ash and gas (such as SO2 and NOx) in the form of particles or are absorbed in the surface. Gas, the water can be changed in contact with acid.

Acid:

Acids with the basis for the ability to make chemical salt is a bitter taste, with the compounds are. Acid blue litmus paper (pH paper also) called in red. Acid can burn skin.

pH:

PH scale of liquids such as water in the amount of acid is used to measure. Hydrogen ions to the acid, the acidity of the solution since the beginning is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions and to "is referred to as pH". The scale of the acidity of rain samples to describe is used.

PH is the number of small-scale, acidity of the material. Acid pH scale of 0 to 5 in case of rain and, therefore, acid rain "as." The pH scale on a small number of changes, changes in acidity.

For example, a change in just one unit from pH 6.0 to pH 5.0 would indicate a tenfold increase in acidity. Clean rain usually has a pH of 5.6. It is slightly acidic because of carbon dioxide which is naturally present in the atmosphere. Vinegar, by comparison, is very acidic and has a pH of 3.

Acid rain problem:

Because this region lack natural alkalinity of the soil and water in a lot - as the basis of lime - and so naturally can not neutralize acid from acid rain in Eastern Canada is a problem, it is. Because your system for water and soil of the harmful effects of acid rain can not protect against the Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as part of the Canadian Shield precambrian provinces, are affected. In fact, the hard rock capacity to neutralize acid rain do not need (i.e granite) sensitive, more than half Canada's. Alkaline soil and water if some parts of the South - as the Ontario and Western Canada - May neutralize or "buffer" in nature are against acid rain.

Canada in the West, this time enough information to determine when the acid rain on ecosystems. Industrialization of the historic low - compared to Canada's - and eastwardly time changes such as natural causes of soil resistance (i.e, even neutralize soil acidity), the best, in conjunction with Canada, the bad effects of acid rain in the west is very of.

However, in this western Canada is not in all areas are naturally protected. Lakes and the granite stone from the soil, for example, can quickly ineffective. Canadian Shield in this case, Northern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are in the north, British Columbia, Nunavut and the western part of north western region. Lakes in these areas to acid rain, are sensitive to the north of Ontario. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen in the west of Canada, Eastern Canada in May that exist for the same effect from growth is continuing.

The NOx emissions are the following:

The most important source of NOx emission motor vehicles, furnaces and residential, industry and public power, motors and other equipment in the boiler and the fuel is burning. In 2000, Canada's largest contribution to NOx emissions, the traffic, all of the emission is about 60%. In general, in 2000, 2.5 million tons of NOx emissions. For comparison: in the United States of America, P. 2000 NOx emissions for 21 million tonnes - more than 8 times in Canada with more than the amount of mail.

Canada in the U.S. The purpose of transboundary air pollution. Overall, the U.S. experience with the impact of ozone on a regional level of about 24%, Ontario are doing. Analysis of ozone concentration in four of Ontario's peak in the Southwest, with attention to the wind factor, it is estimated that the ozone in the U.S. from these places 50 to 60%.

Change the amount of NOx emissions:

Canada, NOx emissions since 1985, the total volume are relatively stable. Since 2000 the level of plants, big mergers and more than 100,000 tonnes of metal from the bottom of the NOx emission sources. Supplement in 2000 within the framework of ozone in the air quality in Canada and the U.S., Canada, Ontario in the south central and southern parts of the 39,000 tonnes of fossil fuels by power plants for an annual limit on emissions of NO2 and 5,000 tonnes of Quebec. Also NOx emissions from industrial boilers to reduce emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles and measures to reduce the new standard will be established. Canada's obligations to the territory's annual emissions of NOx in the meeting are (defined as central and southern Ontario and southern Quebec), with almost 39% from 1990 to 2010 defined.

The difference between a target load and a critical load

The pollution load in the amount of an important measure of an ecosystem, on which this material is harmful to the environment is to accept the threshold is. Various areas of significant weight. Ecosystems, pollution, bear a high acidity in the lower valuation of ecosystems are important to load.

Critical loads vary across Canada. They depend on the ability of each particular ecosystem to neutralize acids. Scientists have defined the critical load for aquatic ecosystems as the amount of wet sulphate deposition that protects 95% of lakes from acidifying to a pH level of less than 6. (A pH of 7 is neutral; less than 7 is acidic; and greater than 7 is basic.) At a pH below 6, fish and other aquatic species begin to decline.

The pollution of an objective and politically acceptable as possible if other factors are considered in the scientific uncertainty and social morality and economic effects (eg,) in equilibrium with the environment in the form of. Acid rain to the eastern part of Canada program, Canada, seven in the province of Manitoba to reduce emissions of SO2 is committed to in 1994, an increase of 2.3 million tonnes. The program more than 20 kilograms per hectare per year (kg / ha / year), that our scientists acidification of aquatic ecosystems in the weak security of the people to send in acceptable as a means of defining the target audience to reduce wet sulfate deposited target.

Canada for this post - Wide Acid Rain Strategy -2000 to 1998 under Canada, acid deposits in the country for meeting the most important load of important long-term goal of the government was signed. Recently, map, water and forest ecosystems for the important values of the mapping has been developed. These maps (acid equivalent per hectare per year, known as (eq / ha / year)), the region's delicate ecosystem, they can be damaged show the amount of acid.

Links to other problems of air pollution:

Fossil fuel combustion in urban smog, climate change and air leads to the release of mercury.

Smog:

SO2 in the air, water vapor and other chemicals react with the sulfates is very good. A major part of the particles of smog and are a threat to public health. Deep and right lung inflammation and tissue injury due to particle penetration. And old people with heart and respiratory diseases, people are especially vulnerable. Recent studies of high sulfate in the air between the particles and the growth of the hospital show a close relationship
And the entry of death.

Urban smog, smoke in the air, the visibility of the objectives has been deleted. The most affected areas in the lower Fraser Valley, Windsor, where the landscape and buildings are often in eastern British Columbia in Canada and Quebec are corridor.

Climate Change:

It is likely that climate change, drought and high temperatures in the. Mai's climate change, wetlands and acid sulphate soils is based on the sulfur compounds to become a threat. If the income of wet sulfate values around the lakes and their acidity are excluded.

Mercury:

In May, concentrations of mercury in acidic lakes of reproductive problems in birds.

Ultra violet (UV) radiation:

Plankton and other organisms that live near the surface of acid lakes in increased UV due to the thin ozone layer are susceptible to. And clean, as acidity and dissolved organic matter in water reduces the amount of the UV can be - more and more depth on the use.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in both Canada and the U.S

Sulphur dioxide emissions come from:

Sulfur dioxide (SO2), usually a by-product of industrial processes and fossil fuel is burned. Ore, coal and natural gas processing plants are the most important smelting. In 2000, the UK example, for the S 2 emission, therefore, 14.8 million tonnes - more than six times larger that the Czech Republic was 2.4 million tonnes. But the two countries from different sources of SO2 emissions. Canada, industrial sources and power equipment 27% (2000) with 68% of emissions. Electrical equipment in the U.S. (2002) with 67% of emissions.

Netherlands to deal with acid rain, the initiative can not be. Canada and the United States in emissions of acid reduction only the decision of the acid rain. The show in the U.S. from Eastern Canada in more than half the acid. Ontario in areas such as South East Asia (Long Woods), and Sutton, Quebec, the United States in about three quarters of the acid will. In 1995, Canada in the U.S. sulfur oxide across the estimated annual 3.5 million tonnes was from 4.2.

SO₂ emission levels changing:

2.3 million tonnes in 1994, a 40% reduction from 1980, an increase of the eastern Canada acid rain program in Canada in 1985 to seven years in the province of Manitoba in order to reduce SO2 emissions is. By 1994, seven provinces met or exceeded its target. 1998, provinces, regions and the Federal Government's agreement with Canada Wide -2000 after acid rain strategy, acid rain Commission proposed new measures. Canada's acid rain program, including data on emissions and the post-2000 period for both the progress of the strategy for the former, the two programs should be included in the annual report. 1980 and 2001 between, SO2 emissions by about 50%, an increase of 2.38 million tonnes. In eastern Canada, SO2 emissions by 63%, an increase of 1,980 from 2001.

Acid rain remain a problem without further controls:

The scientists in 1990, only 1991, Canada - USA air quality (AQA) is necessary for the reduction of SO2 emissions in Canada and the USA about 75% of the acid in Canada to address the problem. The explanation of the science in the ecosystems in the humid sulfur - was to the effect of the acids. New assessment of the science in science acidic acid 2004 wet and dry sulfur and nitrogen from the declaration, the potential of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems assessed. A better estimate of sec (SO2 gaseous particle sulphate, nitric acid, nitrates and other particles, the amount of nitrogen), that the critical loads for aquatic ecosystems in the last estimate of the signal that the impact of the proposed strategy for the last projections were too optimistic. In some regions, forest ecosystems taxes and, more importantly, it is for the ecosystems. Canada is still angry at the different levels of forest ecosystems examination of terrestrial ecosystems in the new configuration is a weight is required. It seems that the new science of the size of the reduction of emissions of SO2, or they are getting more support will continue.

So for this post in Canada - a comprehensive strategy for acid rain in Canada and the United States and the reduction of emissions by 2000 points. Persons in 1991, Canada, the United States Air Quality Directive of the agreement, the south and center of the province, the south and the center of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the field of identity on the control of the next annual meeting of the deposition of sulphate, without much weight that their resources for the achievement is. Weight for these important and the center of the province and the center of the southern Quebec to 10 kg wet sulphate per hectare per year can be eliminated. Consequently, more than 95,000 lakes created by acid rain. Lakes in these areas, the reduction of sulphates, as in the statement, or as fast as in the less sensitive have not responded. Indeed, some sensitive lakes are acidic.

Total before with some 800,000 km2 of southern Canada - an area the size of France and the United Kingdom in the organization - in the acid rain harmful, that the water above the maximum weight.

Current status of acid deposition science in Canada

Environment Canada has released the 2004 Canadian Acid Deposition Science Assessment which shows that despite Canada's success at reducing acid causing emissions, acid deposition is still affecting our environment.

Scientific research in 2004 and Canada, acid rain, and the collection in Canada and the impact of acid in the evaluation of technical surveillance. Universities and federal and state levels, acid about the current state of knowledge is evaluated by experts.

Despite the spread of wrong ideas, according to new research the problem of acid rain, does, and solution to this problem. Eastern Canada and the important parts of the load between 75 to 21% of the acids (volume) can not be affected by acid rain continues to receive. Canada for the stability of ecosystems is the potential for acid.

Is estimated that in Canada, Canada, the United States of America in 2010 by the conservation of these ecosystems in terms of, in Canada, air quality, SO2 emissions, the U.S. decision to further reduce the acid in 75 per cent, including the loss against the . At this time, the right, but in Europe, the scope of the assessment of ecosystem acid can.

Canada and the U.S., the major emission sources in addition to inorganic acid, base metals, mining, fusion, electricity, oil and gas activities, production, transport and processing of oil.

Acidic lakes, rivers, soil, forests, vegetation and fauna, biodiversity and human health and harm the plants. For example, 50 per cent of the boreal forest to live a healthy and meaningful future is angry. There is evidence to suggest that acid rain is currently reducing the growth rate of trees in eastern Canada; it has been estimated that over half a million cubic meters of wood, at a value of hundreds of millions of dollars, is being lost from forests each year. Rivers and lakes of acid, or acid-sensitive areas in the eastern Netherlands in the back in its place and aquatic organisms are sensitive to fish, where to support. Decrease in fish, affecting sports fishing.

However, there are signs of improvement are promising. East Canada Lake, close to a merger for the recovery of evidence and, ultimately, the increase in lake pH (Sudbury, Rouyn - Noranda) measured by the reduction in emissions. Southern Canada, the first symptoms of acid and acid emission reduction due to the lack of carbon in the lakes on the basis of the acid.

That climate change and smog, including the acid is associated with many other environmental issues.

The acid solution of the problem is not clear yet.

NASA - Scientists Hunt for Acid Rain and Methane in Wetlands

Scientists Hunt for acid rain and methane wetlands


Depending on how you do something bad to you some good to have around. The fact that NASA scientists and others on the emission of greenhouse gases by a new study in this matter. Moore countries that acid rain researchers methane bacteria, prevents the production of a greenhouse gas found.

Methane is the natural process and human activity is warming the earth is a gas. Methane and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere the amount of the increase in the average temperature in comparison to the planet is warming.

Carbon, heat and moisture from the archaea to the production of methane, not a creature is known. Under normal conditions, these microbes in the soil organic carbon for energy and as a byproduct of the release of methane consumption. The ideal environment for microbes offer. When wetlands, another type of bacteria, the sulfate from acid rain and those that are less able to outcompete sulfate Archea what the total methane production.

Wetlands may produce as much as 320 million tons of methane annually but only about half of that, or 160 million tons, is ultimately released to the atmosphere. 160 million tonnes in the atmosphere of rest, never, as they dry from the surface ground water due to falling to the bottom of this is destroyed by wet oxidation. The natural oxidation, despite a lot of wetlands still about a third of annual global methane emissions in the main sources of methane.

"This micro-interactions in this process because of various factors on a complicated process," Elaine Matthews, NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies (estimated), for a scientist in New York said. Matthew is the co-acid rain and the author of the study of methane in wetlands. Methane emissions from wetlands of the "maximum amount when conditions are hot and humid, while the biggest reduction in methane emissions is reached when the location of wetlands, acid rain, high temperatures and rainfall in the wetlands of methane sulfates emissions of the best. These factors vary in space and time.

Matthew, 1960, the top of these processes to the emission of methane from wetlands in the industry are appropriate in accordance. However, methane emissions in the 21st century are expected to increase, climate change increases rapidly sulfate, to remove than the next - the industry's emissions of methane contamination in the wetlands on the sulfate has started.

How to determine the acid rain, among the followers of methane in wetlands, the study's principal author, Dr Vincent Gauci of Open University, UK and on the occasion of his colleagues. In the U.S., Britain and Sweden, was investigated whether a low-sulfate acid rain such as that of methane emissions in wetlands. They, the same amount of sulfate and acid rain as the amount of wetlands in the study. Results, for many years that these small amounts of sulfate between 30-40 per cent eliminates methane emissions is shown.

Matthew and the 21 climate experts expect an increase in emissions of methane in the course of the century as a response to climate change. He said that the fast sulfate, especially in Asia will increase forecast. Ecological balance in the 21st writers have tried to assess the century.

"If we all NASA computer model and implementation are in the world shows that acid rain, the effects of the 1960 - 2030 in the east actually reduces methane emissions, industrial," Gauci said. The increase in methane emissions is more than, as more than expected, wetlands are getting hot. In this way, the biggest source of methane for a cover in the form of acid rain works.

Acid rain on the image of attention Gauci. "We have the impression that acid rain is not a good thing - is that forests, grasslands, rivers and lakes such as acid rain damages natural ecosystems. Our results suggest that a small amount of pollution that was in May, also a positive greenhouse gas emissions in the fight against this influence is significant. In addition, the number on the complexity of the earth, "he noted.

More attention to negative aspects of pollution, but if all the scientists that the complexity of this world and the future of climate prediction to feel better, we want that in the not always well understood are the processes is not communication between a number of needs. "Acid rain that does not mean that's a good thing. Before we study how we really mean it to represent an attempt at a subtle relationship between globalization to work for the show are is relatively simple, "Matthew said.

However, human activity, especially for sulfate deposited around the short term at least one greenhouse gas, methane, the impact of the delay. The study recently in the proceedings of the National Academy of Science is published.

NASA's direction in the study, scientific study of all the people and the earth, solar system, and improving the life of the universe is working for.

THE ACIDITY OF WINE

THE PRINCIPAL ACIDS FOUND IN WINE

Grapes, wine in the main fatty acids and, thus, of tartaric acid, potassium hydrogen tartrate (cream-scale), malic acid and potassium hydrogen Malate. Tartaric acid and potassium in the wine. Because hydrogen - potassium phosphate and potassium tartrate, tartaric acid and malic acid which, tartaric acid and / or malic acid is used in terms of their derivatives, alcohol, too. Tartaric acid and malic acid dependent on the relative amount and kind of where the grapes are grown can vary. For example, Burgundy, Chardonnay decent Chardonnay Napa Valley in California, which in a low concentration of malic acid is in the. Now we are back at the latest.

Volatile acid

Tartaric acid and malic acid in the form of, what they evaporate or boil hot liquor does not mean unstable. An inter-volatile acid (VA) in wine should be, the acidic acid (vinegar). Acetic acid, when the wine is in a high VA is heated to boiling. VA per-0,03-0,06% during fermentation, and is considered a normal level.

Climate: Acid vs Sugar

Malic acid and tartaric acid from grapes are developing. In the hot climate, these organic acids through chemical processes are to breathe. Therefore, the hot areas is less acidity in the grapes, grapes in cold climates. While the Napa Valley grape with low acidity as to what's hot climate, for example, CHABLIS (France) with a high acid content of grapes, with the weather is very good.

The production of acid in the production of sugar for a contrast. Sugar content of grapes with climate change,. Sugar content of grape juice, a percentage (%) Brix or sugar (24% 24 ° Brix by) is.

Small, global warming in the high sugar and low acidity level of the cold climate and low sugar content because of the very sour. CHABLIS area, very French, and the acidity of the grapes with less sugar content of a work is good. CHABLIS blood adequately enough sun and heat in the main concern. The juice of the grape sugar sugar level is entitled to the following year. In this process is known as the Chinese.

Add the sugar in wine production in California is not allowed. But the exception of tartaric acid (acid and others) with the acidity of wine.

Malolactic fermentation of role

The malolactic fermentation (MLF) is a natural acidity. MLF lactic acid and carbon dioxide in the conversion of malic acid for acid reduces. Many Europeans, the subject of the MLF and the MLF affected almost all the red wine "automatic" for. Although often difficult to prevent the red wines, many winemakers inoculate a second time for fermentation. The acidity so, CHABLIS malolactic fermentation (MLF) of acid is needed more. Less wine, the others in the malic acid in wine that MLF is not important, because as is with high malic acid. For example, in the normal white Burgundy malic acid less than Napa Valley Chardonnay. Therefore, if a white Burgundy, a little acid and alcohol have lost the character of the MLF has suffered. In contrast, California Chardonnay malic acid to lactic acid much has changed.

The problem in cool climates is too much acid whereas the problem in warm climates is too little acid.

Total acidity

U.S. total acidity (TA) on the adoption of the wine is tartaric acid. This allows the total acidity is constant, for a price. Ta was a high 1.0%. Acid and hydrochloric acid but most people in employment. Bass, for example, home alcohol tests from 0.4%, more microbial infection and is likely to decline. Red table wine of the majority of the acid is about 0.6%. White wine is usually a little more.

PH

I will not provide you with the complicated mathematical definition, but I will say that pH is a measure of a solutions acidity and is analogous to the Richter scale used to measure the intensity of earthquakes, since both scales are logarithmic. For example, wine with a pH of 3 is 10 times more acidic than a wine with a pH of 4. The thing to remember about pH is that the higher the pH, the lower the acidity, and the lower the pH, the higher the acidity. So a pH of 3.6 to reduce the acid with a pH of 4.0 with wine,. Although the content of total acidity and pH, they measure the acidity of the wine's various ways. PH a pH meter, a tool can be measured, it is fast and easy house. Where assets of the acidity of wine. When the pH of wine, like a 4.0 or more, alcohol is unstable in microorganisms is high. Inhibits the growth of microorganisms to reduce pH. Tartaric acid in California sometimes fermentation of grape juice to ensure that the PH is used in the end, some in the form of the acid during the fermentation, pH and total acidity increased, but access was lost.

TYPICAL VALUES FOR pH AND TA

A typical premium California Chardonnay has a total acidity of 0.58 grams per 100 mL (0.58%) and a pH of 3.4. It is interesting to compare these values with a total acidity of 1.10 grams per 100 mL (1.10%) and a pH of 2.91 found in a late harvest Johannisberg Riesling with 21% residual sugar. In general, high acidity of the wine is table wine in the rest of the sugar content is high. This is true for Sauternes, Alsatian SGN and German TBA wines.

Acidity and Heartburn

The acidity and a large quantity of acid in the stomach due to the dissatisfaction is to irritate the gastrointestinal casing. The pain is on fire. If the surplus in the throat and acid leakage of gastric acid production of the inflammatory response has been.

Causes of Acidity and Heartburn

The following circumstances can create excessive acid in stomach causing acidity and heartburn.

* The consumption of foods and spices
* Fast food, fast, without chewing
* Eating when stressed, the time before
* Inappropriate sleep
* Alcohol consumption
* May is suffering from pregnant women, because, if the child is, the real
power in the gastrointestinal tract of uterus
* Overweight people may bear because of unnecessary pressure on their
digestive tract.

Avoidance of Acidity & Heartburn

A number of people are more prone than others to acidity and heartburkal 9n as they have difficulty in digesting some foods.

Against banana protective measures acidity and heart burn are. Eat a banana with these terms, closed for a day

* 2 TSP, and normal total apple vinegar 2 C. to a mixture of tea with honey in
a glass of water before eating. One of the most popular means of acid for the
house.
* Stay away from fried food, eat cucumbers, hot spices, vinegar and
chocolate.
* Stay away from vegetables and salad, onion, cabbage, radish and pepper to
like.
* Stay away from high-pectin fruits such as apple green. However, mature
Fuji apples or apples to apples as tasty May Help.
* Grind up the food properly. Do not consume in hurry.
* Do not bounce meals. Do not keep great gap between meals. This produces
gas / current of air.
* Drink plenty of water and at least 8 glasses per day
* Do not eat just previous to going to bed
* The end of smoking and alcohol consumption to reduce

Home remedy for acidity

* A good Home Remedy for Acidity is to chew up a few basil (tulsi ) leaves to
obtain relief from blazing, nausea and gas.
* Stay a small part of jaggery (gur) in your jaws and slowly suck it. Repeat it
each hour till acidity subsides. One of the best home remedies for acidity.
* Eating watermelon, banana or cucumber every hour.
* Eat a few almonds when your experience heartburn symptoms. This is good
Home Remedy for Acidity.
* Gulp coconut water 4-5 periods a day.
* P for acid fast discontent and cold glass of milk.
* Cloves and slowly suck the deletion.
* Eating fresh mint juice drink, always after. The call for the best internal
acid solution
* Drink every day a 1 tsp juice of chebulic myrobalan mixed with 1 tsp of amla
(Indian gooseberry) juice. This is another Home Remedy for Acidity.
* Eating after a certain time for a stand to maintain the reaction can be found
on.
* Go to sleep in your head and shoulders on the pillow for the supervisor.

Top 5 Sites at High Risk from the Hazards Associated with Acid Rain and Similar Industrial Pollutants

If large quantities of these chemicals are released into the atmosphere through processes such as coal, they are connected to the water vapor, which took place in the clouds, and later released on the Earth for a strong form of acid rain. Although acid rain, cause only indirect damage to humans, especially in their reactions to the volatile organic compound (VOC) form tropospheric ozone (smog), causing substantial damage and the fertility of soil, water and quality of life of inorganic materials such as stone and metal. Some of the major measurable effects of acid rain can be detected by human structures, especially old buildings, walls constructed from corrosion-sensitive metals such as copper and porous rocks such as limestone.

Unfortunately, the buildings and monuments of the most important world cultural heritage site has been built against the toxic and punishment, and many large sites are located at or near the fast industrial cities, which sustained significant damage. Our modern world economy, developing countries such as China and India, industrial pollution, without strict control to manage most of the last decades of the industrialized countries, many of their greatest treasures threatened by their own idiosyncratic national economic success. These risks are not limited in the sense that the rapidly industrializing countries of the world, including Australia, is also a controversial preservation of cultural and industrial interests, while the chemical cloud itself knows no borders, and they have the opportunity to float over a large area.


1. GIANT Leshan Buddha, EMEI Mount (China, Buddhist):

Tower height of steep river gorges in China provinces of Sichuan, Mount Emei, one of the "four sacred Buddhist mountains in China, is one important place for Buddhism in China. It is the home country's first Buddhist temple, built in 1st century CE, and contains many other temples, monasteries and religious shrines, including the 8 century, Leshan Giant Buddha. The Tang Dynasty-era masterpiece is the world's largest Buddhist sculptures, the great achievement is the height of 71 meters and 28 meters wide. hewn from the sandstone cliff faces Mount Emei and the Leshan Giant Buddha is surrounded by an impressive and breathtaking lush sub-tropical and subalpine forests, and it is located on top is a confluence of three major rivers have Minjiang, Dadu and Qingyi. This site is invaluable for religious, artistic and natural meaning. The Leshan Buddha was the victim of pollution, a result of the uncontrolled development of the region. In this case, the offender, it was decided that the increase in the number of coal power plants are located near the Giant Buddha, in particular, toxic gases, which are out of the transfer stage, the smoke stacks in the air, and eventually return to the country, such as acid rain. Over time, we Buddha black curls and the hair began to fall on his head. The local government has been turned off around the factories and power plants in the vicinity is Leshan Giant Buddha, which put the black soot from the face, but acid rain, yet this structural masterpiece. The Leshan Giant Buddha, which was carefully designed to survive thousands of years of floods and earthquakes, which have a high risk of rapid deterioration of the uncontrolled growth industry in Western China.

2. Acropolis in Athens (Greece, ancient Greece):

Although many Acropolises Greek Acropolis in Athens, which is undoubtedly the most important monuments, the real, which bears the name, even though historians will refer only to "Acropolis" is that it is intended to Athens. Situated on a flat rock, which rises 150 meters from the town in Athens, and his three hectares of permanent monuments have Pericallis Lean Classic period (460-430 BC) is one of the Parthenon propylene and Erechtheum, as well as some earlier Mycenean gigantic structures such as walls to prevent the attack on the Acropolis for centuries . As the fundamental rights of the center of Golden Age of Athens and its way of thinking, the Parthenon is widely considered to be a melting pot of democracy and Western civilization as we know it. n recent decades, because Greece has a significant economic growth and development, and emissions of heavy vehicles is a growing, modern city of Athens contributed to acid rain in the area. Monumental stone sculpture, and alternatives to the ancient Greeks, marble is very sensitive to degradation of the surface of the heavy and the low level of acid rain. The beautiful marble relief Parthenon frisian panels, for example, are chemically transformed acid rain is a soft laast arilla. How to lose the details of the chemical fall deeper into the marble monuments of this vital, pieces of them started to crack and fall, the possibility of structural collapse, which are not so distant future. In addition, complicating the situation is seismically active nature of the region, such as an earthquake, which is a much bigger impact on marble buildings, which are slowly converted into the plaster natural marble.

3. Taj Mahal (India, Mughal Islam):

Located in Agra, India, Taj majale is a large mausoleum, built between 1631 and 1648 is a Mughal architectural heritage, the style combines elements of Turkish, Indian, Persian and Islamic design. Considered to be the last architectural masterpiece of Islamic art India, was built by Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, and how it is interred is simple crypt. The Taj Mahal is India's preeminent tourist destination, attracting two and four million visitors a year. To combat the harmful effects of pollution, tourism is not allowed, near the place, most visitors ride the electric bus near the parking areas. This is not slowed down degradation of the Taj Mahal is a marble facade of acid rain produced by local foundries and oil refineries. Once a brilliant white Taj has lost its luster, carpets on the sickly pale shadow.

4. Dampier Rock Art Complex (Australia, Australian Aboriginal):

When the Dampier Archipelago, which lies north-west of Australia and designed for the Indian Ocean, the Burrup Peninsula is a wonderful collections of Aboriginal rock art carved into the cliffs and outcroppings. About one million carvings of over 400 square kilometers, these images are the largest corpus rock art world. Some old photos day tens of thousands of years earlier, when people first among Australia, the holy spirits, rituals, and the animals - including some that are extinct (Tasmanian Tiger), or are already located in this region (EMUs). The Burrup Peninsula is a rock art sites are listed endangered in the National Trust of Australia, but the industry's expansion since 1963 of more than 25% of the rock art areas are serious threats to the site. Many of the most difficult (mining and petrochemical) industry is located directly next to one of the most vulnerable collection of works of art. Acid Rain since begun to remove many of carefully, but often superficial, engraved on stone surfaces, and studies archaeologists and geologists have assumed that most of the rock art will disappear altogether in mid-21 century.

5. LONGMEN Caves (China, Buddhist):

The Longmen Caves are perhaps the most famous ancient sculptural sites in China. Located in the Henan province and placed on two opposite Bluffs that the Yi River, the largest part of the artwork is a Buddhist nature and date of the Northern Wei and Tang dynasties (316-907 AD). 2345 bays are carved from the rock, close to work around-mile from north to south, but the house more than 100,000 images (also cut from a rock). Accompanying signs of over 300,000 Chinese characters and rich historical and linguistic data. The Longmen Grottoes is a masterpiece of Buddhist art and is one of the world's most important sculptural sites. Through the ages, natural and artificial factors niches, statues and paintings. Slots basic sectors rock cause instability and lead to the collapse of certain niche, and the destruction of their content. This process has strengthened significantly more salt sediments result in acid rain, which is a major problem in most parts of China. Salt also built in niche markets is a slow burrowing acid rain is a rock, which then percolates through cracks in the rock, serious injury and rapidly decreasing, many statues and paintings.

Industrialisation bringing acid rain to India

Fast that the impact of acid rain in India to develop clear. Many experts, in this country's growing industrialization in terms of symptoms. The samples were acidic with pH values less than 5—pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

The Department of Environment and the weather after compliance with the World Meteorological Organization to keep an eye on an international network. If rain water for nearly three decades of the 10 sample sites. Pune, Nagpur, Allahabad, Jodhpur, Kodaikanal, Mohan Bari Mini coming, Port Blair, Srinagar and followed by Visakhapatnam. All stations except Kodaikanal twice the concentration of sulfate in the rain appeared. Researchers northern India, where oil refineries, fertilizer plants, power plants, oil and gas, sulfate and nitrate compounds, which is the acidity of rain in the atmosphere is released in one example is shown. Some other reasons. Of the environment in most parts of the Philippines, alkaline dust in the rain acidity. Rainwater at Mohanbari in Assam, is more acidic in nature because the area lacks neutralising agents.

Industrialization of the most important factor in the acid rain phenomenon is. In addition, acid rain, changes in the speed with experts in the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the world is. These changes, more rain and snow to northern areas, the drought conditions in tropical areas are involved. Anthropogenic climate change in the last century, Mexico, Central America and North Africa, Canada, climate researcher Xuebin Zhang, one of the writers has been to dry. This document states in North Africa such as fast changes in the Sahel region to sensitive ecosystems, especially in areas on the major impact that these changes,. Acid rain effects is a lot of the wicked. The water chemical balance, disrupt the release of toxic metals. The people leads to serious health problems. Acid rain in the land of nutrients, so plants can lead to leaching. When ice, melts acid injection, the concentration of acid are released when the fish. Acid rain, the Taj Mahal is a good example of buildings can lead to war. Acid rain over the ocean. In winter, when India, China, Japan, with waste water from that country in South Asia in the wind blows,. Alkaline dust is heavy and the suspension will not be realized. Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal is in acid rain.

Importance of the ozone

Three very important for the environment because it is possible to work on earth - the life giving oxygen, and warm the earth (UV) light from the sun is deadly ultraviolet radiation absorbed. The atmosphere of the earth is composed of different gases. The main gases, nitrogen and oxygen 78 per cent and 21 per cent of the quantity in the air. The remaining one percent of atmospheric gases, greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor, so called because they live in the country of the effect of natural greenhouse, which are contained in the gas, can be found on the planet there would be no warmer than the atmosphere. For the protection of life on earth, it is important for the ozone gas. Ozone a colorless, odorless gas. Emitted by the sun is filtering out harmful UV rays important work.

Shocking:

Ozone is constantly produced and destroyed nature. However, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released by human activities Stratosphere reach and destroy ozone. Substances that deplete the ozone layer (ODS) is called. CFCs and are used for refrigeration, air conditioning, fumigation foams, aerosols, cleaners, solvents, control agents against fire, etc..

British scientists in 1980 to the end of the ozone in the atmosphere above Antarctica measures whose results were uncomfortable - in the ozone layer above the 'Antarctica in the spring of each year has been considerably reduced. These areas are known as the "ozone hole".

In 1985 in Vienna to take "appropriate measures ... And as a result of adverse events or changes in the ozone layer, change or May due to human activities, proximity to the right of the protection of human health has been agreed. The protection of the ozone layer, that the conference was born. In September 1987, the Agreement on specific measures under the Montreal Protocol on substances that have been adopted for the Ozone Layer was signed in consumption.

In 1994 the UN General Assembly declared September 16 International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, commemorating the date in 1987 in signing the Montreal Protocol. India in 1991 and 1992 the Montreal Protocol of the Vienna Convention was adopted.

These multilateral agreements on the use of ozone-friendly replacement for the transition to provide technical and financial assistance.

If consumers are more vigilant and ensure that the products we buy are liabilities. If we can, like us, aerosols, rather than the pump spray insecticides friendly products to choose ozone. However, a refrigerator or air conditioning, choose one to buy CFC-free technologies. However, the gas compressor repair, ensure that the gas is a CFC in refrigerators are not released into the atmosphere. If possible, we buy and use pillows and mattresses filled with cotton instead of foam. Cups and Styrofoam cups, we do not use sheets or the use of reusable plates. The ozone layer protects us like her.

Ozone Layer

What is ozone layer?

The earth ozone layer, a large amount of ozone in a layer deep Stratosphere. This layer of the earth large parts of the harmful UV rays Sunday that protects the interests of ultraviolet radiation, ozone, mainly. Oxygen is a particularly ozone, three oxygen atoms instead of two normal oxygen is involved. Normally, two people or a type of radiation, which (O3) Ozone formation of the individual with other oxygen molecules, molecular oxygen (O2), in the middle of an electric shock in the form of forms. Greater use of the ozone layer that is the human race and you feel that some chemicals Stratosphere of chlorofluorocarbons, which destroy the ozone layer a part of a complex sequence of chemical reactions caused by our way to see the production was called. After this search, an international treaty with the production of these products has been set signed. The ozone layer, the light of these efforts is recovering.

To us from the sun in the ozone Stratosphere good. There also is wrong with ozone air pollution in cities of a product, is the sun. The respiratory problems for some people and leads in the summer is usually when the city areas for the position of stable air pressure built up in heavy air.

Ozone Units

When describing the amount or concentration of gas, scientists resort to several different units:

1. Dobsin Unit (DU) - the principle of unity for ozone. +27000000 One molecule per square centimeter (about one hundred hands of a centimeter square area). 117 DU late in the autumn to spring and during the Antarctic hole from about 300 in the U.S. for the amount of ozone concentration.
2. Mixing ratios - Only one report in the crowd a mix of molecules in the field given the total number of gas molecules from one part of the total number of. Generally ppmv or ppbv parts per million, parts per billion short. For example, 3 km to the concentration of HCL, which if one of these molecules in the air volume of 10 billion molecules of air molecules do not mean HCL 0,1 ppbv, have done.

Factors that determine the ozone:

1. Stratosphere sulfate aerosols: a critical large amount of explosive volcanic aerosols in the lower Stratosphere and a small chlorine are capable. Proud of this volcano of water vapor above 90% chlorine like most others, is a volcano. The impact of a large volcano in the world is important, thus ozone hole in Antarctica in the region such as climate, affected. Many comments in 1991, has been in the Monte. Since the spring ozone hole in the explosion of Pinatubo on 20% growth. The total amount of ozone on the effect of large volcanic eruptions (at least 3%) and is less than 2-3 years.
2. Stratospheric winds: 26 months, all from the east to the west in the tropical winds of change stratosphere upper back and almost two years where the activity Quasi-biennial Ocillation (QBO) . Values of the ozone QBO period and 3% is in the detail. As the winds and other effects of the overall width of stratospheric ozone layer, destruction, loss of profit, the plan should be reviewed.
3. Greenhouse gases: greenhouse gases to the Earth's heat and the weather conditions change, stratospheric winds magnatude certainly be affected to an extent. The polar stratospheric clouds and active chlorine in the Antarctic ozone hole global warming on some of the most popular coolers senarios of stratospheric temperature.
4. Sunspot cycle: the formation of ozone, ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, not static, but about 11 percent a year, something different happens. The changes in the sun's magnetic cycle in terms of 11 years, the increase in sunspots and solar ultraviolet radiation through ozone on the surface on Sunday in connection with the annual accounts is a small 11 -% 2 years to show the world ozone. This event unusual solar activity, solar storms and large solar flares, of course price will change.
5. Stratospheric chlorine production can be done now. Body Care for other factors, the ozone in the world of 3% per decade is a significant reduction. As to the nature of the dissolution of chlorine in the Stratosphere.

Solutions of Acid Rain

It is time that the scientific community to address the causes of acid rain to take a lot. This time the importance of this issue and the fact that man's reason. Emissions of greenhouse gases, the air mixed with moisture, is the main cause of acid rain. Now that we need to control and this causes a problem, I know that the effects of acid rain.

Acid rain plants, animals and people of influence, and we should very seriously. An acid rain in the world's biggest environmental problems today. The impact of acid rain, and trees for the balance of nature is a serious threat. Decline of acid rain in the trees in the state will have catastrophic effects on animals.

Trees are a natural source. They supply timber, and oxygen for the animals is a major source of security. Because the trees are destroyed by acid rain, the animals necessary for their existence is also affected. It is a vicious entertainment.

The same level, the lake water polluted by acid rain and the death of his people can cause an imbalance. If the amount of fish is low, the main food for birds, was deleted. Even if there acid rain, a large amount of fish, hatching eggs before dying is to provide food.

Acid rain on humans, researchers to evaluate the impact of a study is done. Acid rain, and our country is the strength of the destruction of food. The acid rain toxicity, undrinkable water can lead to. Metals, acid rain for drinking water, we know that plants or animals in the food finds its way. Large amount of these substances in the brain and nerves are taking a loss can do. It seems that acid rain can be associated with Alzheimer's disease was found.

Now that we know that because of acid rain, and we have a responsibility to reduce finally has ended. Lack of acid rain, all companies in a strong commitment. Is also the problem of acid rain, greenhouse gases and the target is critical to slow down. And acid rain control, elimination of joint and combined efforts. The need for new forms of energy. Alternative energy sources such as solar energy producers to consider.

You to reduce acid rain can only pressure. Carpools and drive our car, if it's greenhouse gases emissions and long-term key is required to. The following rules and terms of cars and air pollution can reduce acid rain keep a good circulation. Environmental training has been given to the farmers and their efforts to exhaust gases in the atmosphere to support them in reducing them. And we, we all know that acid rain affects. An interest and the participation of acid rain to the right person. Expenditure accounts.

Deforestation

Environmental issues because of the little parasites of the human race since all life on this planet. Reason is simple. Disturbance of the delicate balance in the soil, the destruction of a city, cradle of life of many species. Is that not dangerous to search for the easy option and now the destruction of this planet with the decision of the world in recent years. One question that requires the attention of deforestation. The trees were killed or are still growing. If this May, many of the negative side effect is the result of not stopping.

Why trees matter:

To understand why deforestation immediately forest ecosystems of the world for quality of life, it is necessary to keep an identity problem. Not only are other species threatened with extinction, but also of humanity's trees. Something so that a herb medicines, rain forests and to protect the life of the food for life,. The World Rain forest Movement, forests.This to 25% of drugs, according to a number that is still to be discovered are destroyed or handed over to the right of all drugs is. Not only for other species of wild life, but they allow the expansion of the human race is.

Forests of the world, life itself, not in quality. Trees, air quality, pollution, the trapping of carbon and other particles of what kind of breathing. Trees of the rain, the atmosphere complementary. Atmosphere, clouds and other methods of hot water in the sun's rays. The trees are quiet and erosion, landslide prevention in cooperation with other services such as the Earth's climate, the metal, regulates, and a life rich with the most infertile land. Mother Earth is the responsibility of the trees.

Population growth & Deforestation:

So, a very confused in the 20th century has been. Why has failed in the trees? The World Wide Roman Empire in Europe report notes that 90% of the continent was under forest. Because there are many causes of deforestation are today in the Hector Berlioz 500.000 week.There a missing answer is not easy. Population and cities in a developing country. The population in Third World countries, is in constant development. Some people left the country to make, and they were farmers in the country without the country's virgin forests are forced to. Of the forest in some ways the movement is the result of government pressure. Programs in the implementation of the cheapest in the eyes of the poor and easy ways to reduce poverty and other types in addition to any other option, and 'self-po after the Norman Myers for governments to support the poor, the absence of waste land of modern machines, farmers and the government of neglect, people in the forest succession. Drive more and more weapons to destroy every need.
What is devastating is not to go to the forest. Try to identify the country to the poor "breeders move" to move the trees and water culture method for using. Criticism and burns, as the name, and the tree is still burning. Fertilizers and animal grazing or ashes to the country as the country's cultural remains in the soil of nutrients is one of sterile water organisms.he farmers will soon have a number of other areas and this process should be repeated using and under the trees and land are rare. For farmers in countries such as Brazil, the culture water to acquire land not want to be an effective means insect, water and chemical pollution of soil, and farmers continue to cut and burn.

The forestry and Access:

Smallholders,, but plays an important role that modern industry, felling of trees. The wood products industry is required. 11 million hectares per year, commercial real estate for Heller industries.Peter be cut and that McDonald's 800 square miles of trees need to be mentioned, the amount of paper, they need to package facilities Mission noted that the product of British Columbia 7 500000 children per day, the demand for fuelwood and sticks that is more predictable so that the default in 2000. Results for the development of forestry. All the forest area to provide answers to questions, but not trying is too indirect "to help move the breeders" and not harm others. The road construction is an effort to manipulate the forest resources in an easy way for many people to forests and water to use,. The amount of damage to the forest in May or illegal entry can not be measured. In May, some importers, the purchase of illegally harvested wood and pasture and deforestation it.Cattle are not known

A power of, for destructive grazing animal deforestation. Growth of the international fast food chain with trees, it is clear that the adoption of today. Pets of the big companies and meat, with feed for cheap to buy a burger, and the industry's only 100.000 ranchers.As beef burger giants to high standards for the meat to get in South America livestock sector development grazing.In Amazon forest want more bad. Statistics less than ten years ago, in 1989, that 15,000 square kilometers of forest trees for the main livestock are grazing.Once provides, the country was often overgrazing. In some places, the Government wants. A lot of grazing animals, in May, can not be refused benefit.

Other reason:

The main cause of deforestation is the battery in the world of forests provides the opportunity for a number of additional measures outside. Acid rain and the negative effects of the construction of dams is a part of. Fruit, spices, sugar, tobacco, soap, rubber, paper dust and farm animals such as the cultivation of the race for the try, land use and about the use of other products for many is the forest in May through the destruction. Even in developed countries, the destruction of forests for 3. May the world participate. In the production of industrial goods to other countries in need of less developed and poor countries have done. This production from the trees and the services they offer. Effect

More social and deforestation is responsible for environmental problems. Immediate and long-term consequences of global deforestation is almost certain that the threat to life on Earth as we know it. Some of the results: the loss of biodiversity, destruction of forests and trade climate disruption.

What is lost:

Deforestation as a scale in the cause of the loss of biological diversity have not seen before. Although tropical rain forests is that only six per cent of the Earth's surface is, deforestation and 70% of all possible species.As 90% of the world, between 50 to 100 damage each animal and plant species is day.Inevitably is involved, the meaning of the loss of species loss, genetic resources. The risk of species extinction in many of these people are doing now in many areas for people, especially in medicine is possible. Since 1991, tropical plants.By from more than 25% of all drugs that many plants and treatment of diseases can destroy the disappearance of many species of animals, for the growth of humanity today.

The world's forests, especially tropical rain forests more than 10 million members believe the source of culture on the basis of the last survivors are over. "The daily life of the forest to see the importance of forest products, population, the destruction of tropical forests is the destruction of the tribal population. Australian people, the world literally to the people from their country, by governments and industry to focus on to have been stolen can, in foreign currency "natural capital. The foundation of the global concept and some of this century than in the ordinary citizens of extinction, in which residents for the loss of the forest, changes in the absorption of cultures to the development of industrial culture to prevent this in rare cases, it is destructive. "Without doubt, the deforestation in the forest a big impact on cultural diversity and in this world.

Erosion:

Rainforest in the world with the freshness of a little misleading. However, fresh and full, the basement is very bad, almost all of the plant nutrients associated with these forests are for. If the forests, the soil nutrients are being washed to sacrifice, the problem is this. This leads to erosion of soil. How Now, in the humid tropical country, and about 80% acid infertile.When on the ground in the country are not trees for erosion is mature. It dries and cracks in the heat of the sun. 25 ° C, nitrogen as volatile nutrients lost in May, once the soil temperature above soil.Furthermore ahead of others to reduce fertility, rain washes away nutrients while in the other water. This means that planting trees not always the deforestation problem, which has been associated with mature trees, totally private in May, soil nutrients is important to resolve means. It is not possible the culture of the forest, and the country is nothing. Soil erosion a major part of one of the country leads to permanent poverty.

Social effects of soil erosion can be very difficult. In the forest areas, or is required in each year from the effects of soil erosion to move. He said that the areas where they can be mentioned large. If these areas for the culture of it in a different area are not good.

Flooding:

A flood is the result of the heavy forest. Compensation of the rain forest vegetation is mainly due to lack of rain on the ground more quickly to absorb a large proportion, the drainage, increases. Storm in a month and expect to nassmüllerischen "The tropical forests from London can be a lively one hour per hectare of arable land of 185 tonnes has been canceled. Tropics, where the dense jungle, with a flood problem No, because the plant, still thick tropical rain forests. It is in those areas where the green is small, there is a problem. Consequently, the flood disaster in order to prevent and soften the impact.

Climate Change:

However, potential effects of deforestation of the worst, perhaps serious consequences of climate change that is due to the loss of trees. Earth, life on Earth in an environment of a balance of a wide range of gas, everyone's. An earth, metal, carbon dioxide, the loss of heat in that room is a gas of these gases in the atmosphere. Because its function is very happy to Insulating gases like carbon dioxide "greenhouse effect that is known as a greenhouse of glass: the warmth of the solar system is allowed, but to prevent his escape." Methane, Sifsi, nitrogen monoxide and other greenhouse gases such as ozone. If other greenhouse gases on the surface of a gradual increase of temperature. The weather conditions, sea level and nature of changes to the second cycle, the direct increase in greenhouse gas emissions could lead Earth.The is relatively simple. Of carbon dioxide for many reasons, increase, but an increase of the carbon content of the major factors is a shortage of materials. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from this plant for the moderates is only one way. Live plants and trees from decay of plants and trees absorb carbon dioxide. With the lack of trees and plants and more, at these levels is difficult to operate. The amount of carbon dioxide in the control group the current level of emissions of carbon dioxide on plants because of a lack of increases. This whole process leads to the effects of albedo and the light and heat in the atmosphere, the trees Sunday If the Shone on green is showing. "The fact is that in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increase in temperature in the growth and in the end, climate change and weather conditions at the leads.

Discussion:

We, the people think that deforestation of the potential consequences can not understand the gravity of the. Since we deforestation is the result of a serious, but still is not a problem. Wherever you go, you see a piece of paper on the floor, people with various tissues, and wipe your nose for many dealers in the bathroom of kitchen paper towels to give priority to brown versions. Every day you that we are nothing without the use of paper sources are mentioned.

We know that every day we in the newspaper is a part of the forest products, and promotion of work for the soil to absorb carbon dioxide may need to ensure that, the collection and recycling of water, oxygen and gas-free. Some herbal products for the production of these old trees, forestry has to change, but many are not. Waste of paper through, we lose the forest. The simple fact is that paper, more paper to the needs of our forests are less used.

Many people in May deforestation potential serious consequences.You say: "What if some of the people, but my house has lost a little here and there the flood is known, the temperature rise a little, some species that we did not know that to kill a pair of new drugs is not never had not essentially, the soil loses nutrients. how ignorant these people do not know the effects of gravity.

Waste of people's homes, we also diverse in the world of fraud. Repair and that the good old USA, is likely to occur billions of dollars in repairs because of flooding, where millions of our taxes. Mother Nature, so that, by the course to be useful when a temperature increase. The agriculture, tourism, transport, and will have more impact on the sea. If Myers is right and what to promote 25% of the drugs was a big change is that modern technology, more can be found. What is destroyed without knowing it, there are a number of new drugs. We cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis and many others for the treatment of diseases such as possibility can kill us. If by chance, and we in the soil from erosion of land, culture is almost impossible to lose all the nutrients. After discussing the effects of deforestation are the result not only completely disaster are trying.

Forests on earth for that reason and therefore to the nature of the delicate balance between the elements. Agriculture, forestry, agriculture, industrial processes, etc., destruction of forests by the balance is in danger.

The deforestation is no cure for. Of course, many people, but it just is not true about reforestation solution. Although not good, which has destroyed the forests of the planting, it is a good idea, it actually is. Often, the original not in the form of new tree types are the same. If growth and mature trees, soil nutrients, it was once lost a lot. Old forests and forestry is not new and also the protection of old growth forests are to apply.

That is the effect of deforestation is the only way to ensure, with the destruction of forests. All of us to stop cutting of trees, whether our requirements is needed. Since it is completely unrealistic, it's now the only thing we can do to handle is the use of forest products. But the idea of restraint will be put into practice immediately. As a people to ensure that we know about this problem before, where you right now. Instead, the issue rest until we start now we have that we never threatened to do to resolve can not ignore. The sad truth is that in the forest, has disappeared and is simple enough, the damage caused.

Conclusion:

Where can they go? Deforestation of the many things to have an easy solution. A possibility that the amount of products that tropical forests are harvested. If all developed countries, especially in the areas, industry, for recycling, should not drop in and lumbermen. If the question is, is that supply is not required to. Other money solutions. One, which help high-risk countries for people at home that "the breeder moved to reduce deforestation can help." The move into the pockets of taxpayers willing to do. Another American for the people in this country that are at lower prices in the cultures, higher values will have to accept that, especially in fast-food restaurant citizens. If the U.S. corporation such as fast food can do to prevent other countries for their products for the production of content that needs to spend more on a farm in the rainforest are ready to.

In May, the immediate effect is deforestation, but if it does not appear that the next generation to generation and their children suffer from this condition does not believe. The future of the planet to break the human race, an event. Loser in the end if it all, a solution is not possible. Than it is easy to do this but he with serious consequences for our decisions in this case, they never, like all living beings are changing, they are able to live.