Global Warming, Spin And Media

For many years, a large, powerful companies and governments to the idea of global warming has declined. Many of the original a long time widely recognized as an important resource in the defamation was. Well, "mainstream" in general the effects of climate change and is worried about the speech has been postponed. From their seats in the companies are in a disinformation campaign, nothing to regulate and control the Government has said on this issue. However, some companies and organizations to effective efforts to reduce climate change concerns and are working for. It is being developed and implemented publicity and spin, "green - washing" and misleading information in the standard, and now a solid solution to an important change in attitude and effort with a different kind of happens.

Climate Justice And Equity:

Developing countries and growing concern in the various non - governmental organizations and to create results for the population and poor countries, global warming talks should be. The effect of climate change in the world be felt in the poorest countries. In some cases, some of climate change on small island states is an effect. The climate of justice, fairness and sustainable development an important factor in this debate, are often outside the traditional speech. To all the people within and between nations and for justice in an atmosphere of equal rights.

It was agreed that the principle of discrimination on the common responsibilities.

This means that the United States, the Kyoto Protocol's resignation was as if the world, most countries signed the agreement on climate change are (including countries) agreed that this means that global warming is responsible for the rich countries , in the form of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of several decades and centuries of rich countries and climate change, pollution emissions on developed countries to do more than the poor countries.

It is also necessary that the basic needs of poor countries and poverty alleviation for the response was agreed to. It seems that the poor countries to reduce emissions will agree it was inequitable, where the problems that lead to rich countries.

But some countries already have to show that the issues and can address rich countries to have started.

On these issues will be addressed in detail here.

Climate Change Flexibility Mechanisms:

Flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol to combat climate change efforts in the context of reducing emissions to a number of options. You are in the following categories: emissions trading, Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism. However, these are very controversial, because they essentially the United States and the United States in the treaty at the behest of the firm are doing. Some of these procedures has, indeed, to reduce emissions with the ratings, for example.

Carbon Sinks, Forests And Climate Change:

To benefit from carbon dioxide and climate change "carbon sink" to the idea of using global warming to deal with a proposal for a system. , This, afforestation, or planting new forests have been proposed to. Forestry and with the major interests of the countries is a strategy for the woodworking industry. Although the possibility of there in May of this solution, because the forests and the East, the basis of the ecosystem and biodiversity of forests rich in C is the destruction is justified is not effective (but today), the environment certainly (free) is for a decline. The establishment of new forest areas, the construction of the entire ecosystems. In addition to criticism of this view is not at the root are not the reality and efficiency of emission reduction or to support the reasons for a quick repair.

Global warming and population

It seems that the climate change to participate in an interest / global warming on the population, and countries like China and India to global warming for more than guess.

But the rich countries to do more, it is developing countries that rich nations to emissions of greenhouse gas emissions target from the first atmosphere, until it was agreed as the price for climate change response.

Energy Security:

Energy Security in the rich countries and a growing interest in developing countries too. In the past, particularly fossil fuel energy to war with a democratically elected leader and puppets and is a dictatorship overthrowing governments.

Major oil nations that we are identified, but the lack of investment options or investment in comparison to fossil fuels are small.

As the global financial crisis, and to raise awareness of climate change more and more countries and companies to invest in options. Remain the same, but geopolitical.

The ozone layer and climate change:

Scientists that global warming is one of the ozone layer to weaken, increasing the temperature in the upper part is Stratosphere (the Ozone layer being found in the upper part), and more, the cold leads to believe that the natural ozone layer repair slowly.

Environmental Issues:

Environmental issues an important global problem. People and a healthy environment, and yet stable environment in many ways we depend on are eroded. The region's other problems such as biodiversity, the climate changes, animals and nature, people, genetically modified foods, sustainable development and others.

Climate change and global warming:

Global warming and climate change in this section to face the global challenges are included. Introduction of the climate change effects. In addition, this article attempts to understand how the Government on this issue, corporations, international institutions and other organizations, as well as challenges. Some of the largest conferences in recent years are also discussed.

The climate is changing. Earth, and it warms up is a massive scientific consensus, and people have. Global warming and the increase in species and their residence, natural ecosystems can be reduced with the possibility of collapse.

Many believe that climate change a major threat to the world. In recent years, members in various fields and / or an increase of the temperature increase in the back.

Global dimming:

That air pollution from fossil fuel research, the clouds in space and reflect the light of the sun is shown. This is a global effect, dimming as is known, where less heat and energy on the earth. Initially, the irony is that the problem of climate change savior. While millions of victims, because of the northern hemisphere oceans enough rain for training are not that hot, however, that the world in the 1970s en'80 year drought in Ethiopia, the reason is dimming. Global dimming is also true that global warming of hiding. In 2003, as we have seen during the heatwave in Europe without cleaning agents due to global dimming, greenhouse gases, emissions of the control of rapid warming, the environment and human health and the various disasters, has led the people of the death of thousands.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:

World generally agree that global warming and climate change should be made. Agreed on a framework to the first hurdle was trying to. In 1988, Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations Environment (UNEP) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the scientific evidence of global warming on the program was established by. IPCC in 1990 that climate change caused by humans is a comprehensive international agreement concluded. The report in the International Conference on Climate Change has made way for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC on), the Rio Summit in 1992 which more than 150 countries. This section focuses on this contract and for a number of basic principles.

Reactions To Climate Change Negotiations And Action:

If any changes are made in the U.S. and some other countries, and many companies and the economy for the benefit of a risk because of the fear of climate change, is against, and fear that their ways, perhaps most important for this problem contribution. Some concerns in this section, or that he is not fair.

World wide Climate Conference

Climate Conference in Poznan:



Overview Climate Change Conference, which Poznan, Poland, in December of 2008 was held at the beginning of the month. Not with the first, as without conflict. For example, the adjustment of funds by supplementary funding has many differences. There was a time when Europe conference on climate change from a strong position to weaken the rule is to think on, and the news in recent years emissions of industrialized countries.



Bali Climate Conference:




The UN conference on climate change held in Bali, Indonesia in December 2007 led to a final agreement known as the “Bali Roadmap”. The Bali Roadmap outlined a new negotiating process to be concluded by 2009, International agreement on climate change. The Roadmap included a decision to launch an Adaptation Fund as well as further decisions on technology transfer and on reducing emissions from deforestation. However, as with past climate conferences, this was not without its controversies, especially Europe and developing countries’ criticisms of the US position and negotiation tactics.




Montreal Climate Conference:




December 2005 Climate Change (UNFCCC) United Nations Framework Convention on the eleventh session, the party's conference. The protocol for the party's first meeting. Reduction of emissions in these meetings and the debate on the future of developing countries to support the means. Meeting of the United States to a place, but finally left to return to the conference were convinced. Therefore, there is something that the text was a little weak, but believe that to create something for the future. In developing countries, but the discussion was a sense of justice and the judiciary has been missing since then.





Buenos Aires Climate Conference:




December 2004 Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the tenth session of the United Nations Framework Convention was the party's conference. It was the 10th anniversary of the Kyoto Protocol. Country and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol to discuss the optimization measures. In addition, any discussion about the period after Kyoto's tried.




Delhi Climate Conference:

23 October to 1 November, 2002 Climate Change (UNFCCC) United Nations Framework Convention on the eighth session, the party's conference. The conference so far in reducing the emission of very little progress is not.






Marrakesh Climate Conference:

29 October to 9 November 2001, Climate Change (UNFCCC) United Nations Framework Convention on the season, the party's conference. The purpose of this meeting is an agreement on the text nor the political consensus in Bonn in July 2001 on the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol was reached in the technical aspects. However, the agreement, there as a result of the emissions are afraid to have some effect.





The Hague Climate Conference:




13 November to 24 November 2000 Climate Change (UNFCCC) United Nations Framework Convention on the sixth session was the party's conference. People to review every encounter in which to reduce emissions to comply with the implementation of the goals of the parties to meet a contact of the conference is. Intention on the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is to provide three years of negotiations. In contrast, when we almost collapsed.





Kyoto Protocol Climate Conference:





In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol, Japan, the Kyoto conference on climate change for the Conference of the parties. Tam, the developed countries to specific targets to reduce greenhouse gases to have agreed. If a common framework, with details in the coming years to provide them. It became known as the Kyoto Protocol. United States, European Union, while 15% of the exemption and not the regulation of emissions, has proposed to cut. Finally there was an agreement, developed countries and 5.2% in 1990, there in 2012 for a period of less than 2008 for reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases have. (Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change, said in its report of 1990 that 60% of the reduction of emissions is necessary ...) the police about the meeting of a large media campaign leading companies from countries like the U.S. and has been affected The agreement is found, which openly opposed.

Coal Fired Power Generation

Electricity use since the beginning of this century the U.S. economy is an integral part of. Coal, electric power plants that have taken large amounts of cheap and reliable source of energy that reduce the supply of oil and gas mentioned is important. In 1995, the United States about 55% of electricity in addition to coal. Known for centuries of coal reserves, is expected to use the pool to the last.

Coal, fired power plants is relatively easy. The fine coal powder and food to combustion chamber where it is burned in power plants, coal fired a piece of land. Heat from the combustion of coal, the power to generate one or more steam rotates turbines, to generate is used.

Of coal in power generation plants in the United States plays a vital role in the1880's. The oldest plants, the manual feeding of wood or coal for heating and steam boiler for the production of. Compressors with the piston in the steam is used, steam generators, as electricity generation. This year more than 1,884 turbines with a high British engineer Charles A. Parsons the use of steam for power generation is as effective. In the 1920s, in the form of powder during the combustion of coal. This process has the advantage that the high combustion temperature, greater efficiency and more air for combustion of a low thermal requirement. In the 1940s, the development of the cyclone furnace. The new technology of coal combustion and the decline in overall production capacity with an increase in the poorest sections is enabled.

Currently, more than 100 years, but the current improvement in all areas of coal, power plant energy source, cheaper still out in the same way today if coal is elaborate.

Coal Fired Power Generation Technologies:

*Pulverized coal System:

The fine coal powder was not in the concept, and believe that if coal is so good that the gas and burns nearly as effective as simple. The boiler in the prices of coal to feed direction, and crushing the coal demand and drying or transportation of fuel for the amount of air through the computer is used. Pieces of coal are crushed between balls or cylindrical rollers that move between two tracks or "races." The raw coal is then fed into the pulverizer along with air heated to about 650 degrees F from the boiler. As the roles and coal land and coal as fuel in the hot dry fine powder through the achievements of the activities of happens. The powder carbon directly spray water in the burner of the boiler. The burner mixes the powdered coal in the air suspension with additional pre-heated combustion air and forces it out of a nozzle similar in action to fuel being atomized by a fuel injector in modern cars. In these circumstances, there across the fuel ignites in the combustion gas is hot enough.

* Cyclone Furnaces:

Cyclone in the form of powder kilns were coal and coal to reduce fuel system is required. You a 25% moisture content and ash content of coal with the burning of the poorest class. Or temporary supply of powdered coal in the box oven or directly collected from the storm. The furnace on a large water cylinder jacket, the steam heat absorption and merger of the burner for security. To end this war, air and hot breath of the carbon pieces with a strong fan stress. At the same time additional heated combustion air is injected along the curved surface of the cylinder causing the coal and air mixture to swirl in a centrifugal "cyclone" motion. Air and coal in the heat of the pool - high-density, high temperature (about 4700 to 8300kW/m2) and with the combustion properties of the production increases.

On the other hand, hot exhaust, and the war in the boiler, pipes and filled with steam to generate hot water used to. Fuel burns coal powder in a storm of his time to operating temperature in a furnace in the form of injection is reached. Slags still on the walls of the pipe in the boiler burner and heat insulation, while the rest is a collection in the ditch, where it increased to a settlement of the container goes down. The ability to collect the ashes of the cyclone furnace fire is the biggest advantage. Only 40% of the tree in the form of exhaust gases to 80% compared to coal powder allows. Cyclone furnace is not without drawbacks. Coal, a relatively low sulfur content, for the ash to melt the collection are used. This is a great strength of pollutants through the furnace fan and a big piece of coal and air forces is necessary to ensure, coal powder as compared to nitrogen oxide. Finally, a real coal burner cables from erosion due to high level change is needed.

Impact on the Environment:

Electric and coal IECG international controversy about the environmental impact of a large number of accepted ideas fired power plants. We believe that the benefits far outweigh the negative effects believe. CRPG, IECG with communities and experts working to reduce and potentially dangerous environment likes:

* Coal rivers and ground water around, leaching toxic chemicals cause serious and destroy the people.

* About two-thirds of sulfur dioxide, one-third of carbon dioxide emissions and one quarter of the nitrogen oxides emissions in the U.S. are produced by coal burning.

* Particulate matter in air emissions is the result of combustion of coal. And nitrogen oxides in the air particulates, asthma, reduced lung function and respiratory diseases and premature death of several thousand Americans aggravated.

* Nitrogen oxides and crops, forests and the loss of property due to the organic reagent gas Smog. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere and water, acid rain combination. Acid rain plants, fish and animals to kill acidic soil and water.

* Global warming is mainly caused by carbon dioxide emissions and is responsible for at least half of the warming.

Nitrogen oxides - formation and relevance

Chemistry of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere play an important role. In this section we will see how and why they are so important.

Nitrogen oxides come from:

The main types of nitrogen in the atmosphere, they called NOx nitrous oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and all the feedback. Nitrogen in the atmosphere of nitrogen (N2), especially in the distribution of oxide emitted. N2 in the two nitrogen atoms with a lot depends on this fact in mind, (and nitrogen nitrogen triple combination), to break it is, N2 on the atoms is not so easy. Extremely high temperature for some bacteria may have developed the system and the two molecules. Car, a temperature high enough for use on motors, and nitrogen oxide are the gases. Vehicles, production of harmful substances, based on this catalyst. Nitrogen oxides in May, if the biomass burned during the flash.

Nitrogen oxides involving:

NOx (= No + NO2) and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere of almost all reactions are present. Nitric oxide responsible nitrate radical (NO3 another form) in the dark, and night life of the control was set up in the atmosphere's chemistry. Nitrogen oxide nitric acid with water (HNO3) on the response form. Nitric acid not only in the air such as nitrogen oxides to acid rain is an important contribution, but it is too dry or too acidic the most important, directly or deportation under the rain. Nitric acid in the polar regions of cloud chemistry in Stratosphere exists. This happens when the ozone hole is an important part in the training of nitric acid trihydrate.

Nitrogen oxides and ozone layer in the very training loss, troposphere are important. He and improvement in the reaction catalyst is used. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) nitric oxide (NO) as the sun is broken down. It is, in the form of NO2, then more is not the answer. Ozone and oxygen from the instability of peroxide radicals in May as of this time is about. Of these reactions in detail later in the test.

Nitrogen oxides from combustion of the cars we a lot of ways. Assembly of motor vehicles for the main objective, the catalyst complex in the air of these substances to reduce emissions.

Other important nitrogen gases in the atmosphere include:

And nitrous oxide (N2O), which during the microbial degradation. This is an important greenhouse gas, but the troposphere is not the answer. Stratosphere that the ozone destroyed.

Ammonia (NH3) gases in the atmosphere is the main base. Mainly agricultural and animal waste and fertilizers are used for storage. Aerosol particles from the reaction of the acid such as nitric acid in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen oxides - at the center of atmospheric chemistry:

Nitrogen oxide chemistry of the atmosphere are the real center. Most chemical compounds that are oxidized and the wind, or other types of chemicals to change that directly or indirectly, are not, and for NO2.

Impacts of Acid Rain on Buildings

Since the beginning of industrial revolution, pollution and damage to buildings in urban areas is very real. The cause is often due to the impact of air pollution. Pollution, acid rain is sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, both published in the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Since industrial revolution, the two types of emissions. English, sulfur dioxide (SO2) peak in 1960, but has increased more than 80%. In 1999, emissions of sulfur dioxide in the amount of approximately 1.2 million tons. With emissions of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides, collectively known as Nox decreased since 1990, emissions in 1999 is around 1.6 million tons.

Although the fact that emissions reduction is not clear that air quality, which resulted in a decrease of decomposition. In fact, buildings that are thousands of years aging in the last 25 years and has quickly worsened. This can still show the changes on the surface of the stone Sulphation, a process that visible surface layer of the rain dissolves limestone sulphated wins.

Only in the last ten years, or the efforts that have been conducted to determine the amount of material damage due to acid. With concerns about the impact of acid rain on building materials has been raised in the Chamber of Local Authorities, Report of the Committee in September 1984. As part of the response from the government, the impact of Group (Berg) has been considered as a recommendation to the effect on the acid. It was not until relatively recently that the spatial concentration of pollution, acid rain and mechanisms for transport, to understand, so that more accurate estimate of the damage that occurred, Mai Mai in the design are made.

Materials Affected:

List of raw materials, a very long acids, as most materials are certain degrees of damage. The most vulnerable are: limestone, marble, steel, zinc, nickel, paint and plastic. Stone deterioration May many forms, including details of the stones and the introduction of black crusts from stone in the protected area. Metal corrosion is determined by oxygen and moisture, that the SO 2 accelerates. Most of the buildings that came from some acidic to which, therefore, that certain materials that are free from the effects. In addition to the atmospheric structure of the attack, cream butter in water, such as foundations and pipes are corroded.

The Chemistry of Corrosion:

Dry and wet deposition on the corrosion of materials. Secs deposits consist of gas and particles that fall to the ground near the source of emissions causing the damage. That sulfur dioxide is often deposited in secs 30 kilometers from the source. The wet deposition of pollution, if everywhere in the atmosphere reacts with moisture in clouds to the diluted acid. Effect also occurs, and the deposit of wet area may contain several dozen kilometers from the source.

Calcium carbonate in certain stones dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid to form calcium sulphate:

CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ + H₂O ® CaSO₄.2H₂O + CO₂

This has two consequences. First, make sure that the surface of the stone to break the two black gypsum (calcium sulfate) to the formation of vesicles, which consists of more than a stone. When the stone's crystal can be in the stone, and in May to 50 years. This is called the memory effect.

Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant with corrosion, but also with the delivery, including Nox, carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (on organic materials) and sea salt spray. Research has shown that nitrogen dioxide (NO2), represented by SO2, the increase in the level of corrosion can occur. This is because the oxide NO2-SO2 Sulfite (SO3), which is more than SO2 absorption. Acid rain in the panel report in 1990 noted that in remote areas where the majority of deposits in the wet east England, while the deposits are in the majority secs. This conclusion is supported by studies in the southeast of England, which showed that 40% of the damage caused by debris secs.

Interaction between materials and substances that are complex and many variables involved. Deposit of pollution to the surface depends on the concentration of air pollution and weather and micro-climate on the surface. Once on the surface of the substance, the interaction may vary depending on exposure, the response capacity of different materials and the amount of moisture. Important factor that is very important as SO2, which is proposed oxidized in dry sulfuric acid in the presence of moisture on the surface.

Examples of damage:

The influence of acid on the modern buildings that are far less damaging impact on ancient monuments. Lime and limestone in most buildings open to the monument, "the most corrosion resistant and is a renewal.

Evidence of harmful effects on the acid all over the world. For example, as the world-famous Taj Mahal, Cologne Cathedral, Notre Dame, the Colosseum and Westminster Abbey are also affected.

Electricity and Acid Rain

Consumer electricity choice address acid rain:

Competition for the first time of electricity, production of electricity to consumers direct effect on the ecological footprint can be. The establishment of power in several states, which are much cleaner in addition to status quo conditions, the source of. Renewable energy, fuels, emissions of pollutants that, in order to reduce acid rain in order to ensure these resources for the consumer business in a portfolio of options. Consumers of coal in the country's oldest electric power demand which is not a strong message to suppliers, the federal standards for air quality. This dirty power plants recently in response to major competitors to increase production of energy. Between 1995 and 1996, 10 percent more than the 50,000 tonnes of NOx emissions from coal production increased in proportion to the utility model protection is the only Midwest. Fossil fuel plants in Massachusetts, from the total amount of NOx emissions, and New Hampshire combined profit on the increase in NOx emissions.

Consequences of acid rain:

Acid rain is linked to a range of negative impacts on the natural world as well as human environments.

Aquatic impacts:

Scientists believe that acid rain is responsible for the dramatic disappearance of brook trout and other fish species from pristine lakes and streams. Directly into the atmosphere and water basin to drain valuable acid. Lakes to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acid rain acidic lakes and 50 percent water, 75 per cent of acidity in the acidity of the surface of the water had decided to examine the collection of analysis. Some lakes are very sensitive to acid rain, as the clay, acid or with a limited capacity "buffer" to neutralize. Disease, a victim of acid lakes, the U.S. and Canada, Adirondack, Central Appalachians, the upper part of the Midwest and West, including the high altitudes are found in various areas of.

Aquatic species, the acidity tolerance are different. Acid long ago, some species in particular are more sensitive than the others bother to play. Normal changes in the back of the fish stock, in acid rain, acid tolerant fish and other aquatic animals and plants are sensitive to acidification.

Forest impacts:

Acid rain on forest health of ecosystems can be a powerful influence. National Assessment Program in 1998 to evaluate the probability of speed, according to the Congress two years, and mortality in the north and the decline of red spruce growth rate of the Appalachians, red spruce populations of the high altitude forests in the current decline only when the loss, It is not solid scientific evidence that acid is the main reason. The forests of calcium, a plant nutrient for the development of long-term harm to the United States Geological Survey and other stress, acid rain, but "some recent studies.

Materials:

Acid rain solid materials, art objects in historical and cultural value of an effect on the number - buildings and monuments - such as trucks, cars and general goods. Acid rain, particularly the "dry" form, corrodes metals, and stone and colors of the decline accelerates.

Visibility:

Sulfate particles in the atmosphere as for the visibility of the emissions of sulfur dioxide. The visibility and especially around the park, acid rain to encourage the production of electricity for the United States in the eastern part is lower? Air pollutants of acid rain Wholesale Electric. Fossil fuel the nation on the SO2 and acid rain is a part of the 30 per cent, NOx emissions by 70 per cent in defiance burned every year.

Pollution in the area of course not all the powers contributes to acid rain is. The emission factors on the use of fossil fuels such as depend upon the nature of the right, before the type of combustion process, air pollution and measures to control the combustion after that time. Old coal, power stations out of the modern standards for air quality, high sulfur content of coal combustion for clean air benefits of the Act (in particular) and the most important past pollution, acid rain is. These plants in the Upper Ohio Valley and the Midwest are concentrated. Taking into account the wind, the parents, usually of uncontrolled pollution sources say that the experience of acid rain increases.

On the other side of the spectrum there's the best available technology with a new natural gas is produced. The ratio of SO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants. However, the more gasoline is mixed with NOx emissions, other major precursor of acid rain. Although the use of modern technology that is likely to NOx emissions currently in operation, the use of old technology and many more pollutants are gases.